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how to differentiate instruction for struggling students
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how to differentiate instruction for struggling students
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how to differentiate instruction for struggling students
how to differentiate instruction for struggling students
While this really isn't a differentiation strategy, it can be really helpful in keeping struggling readers motivated and helping them feel like they aren't alone. Double the work: Challenges and solutions to acquiring language and academic literacy for adolescent English language learners. Reading Rockets is a national multimedia project that offers a wealth of research-based reading strategies, lessons, and activities designed to help young children learn how to read and read better. However, identifying struggling readers and providing high-quality intervention isn't enough. When differentiating process, you can provide different activities for different groups of students. 1. If you can adapt your instruction to reflect your students needs and learning preferences, you can make class time more effective and help students become more engaged. If the topic of the text is irrelevant, you could have students simply use the text from their current guided reading group. Improves Outcomes. Meet your favorite authors and illustrators in our video interviews. Differentiated support plans should include but are not limited to small group instruction, technology, and culturally responsive instruction. Differentiated instruction allows for addressing students' needs by altering the content, communication, and assessments appropriately. Four ways to differentiate instruction According to Tomlinson, teachers can differentiate instruction through four ways: 1) content, 2) process, 3) product, and 4) learning environment. Identifying how to support struggling readers not all struggling readers need the same things. Personalising learning to meets the needs of each individual student in your class is the optimum goal. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Jake Madden (Dip Teach; B.Ed; Grad Dip: Leadership; M. Ed: Leadership; EdD; FACEL; MACE) [4] These students often have strengths and weaknesses that are different from other students who dont have the same disability. Your email address will not be published. From print awareness to comprehension, Reading 101 Course Help students see themselves in the books you make available. If students perceive the words to be moving on the paper, a colored overlay can help reduce this issue. Tips on finding great books, reading nonfiction and more, Why Some Kids Struggle This makes the job of the teacher a lot more challenging. To help differentiate and give students a good handle on their new terms, you should use your word wall as a support. For commercial use, please contact the author or publisher listed. Content As you already know, fundamental lesson content should cover the standards of learning set by the school district or state educational standards. So, she decides to do a quick assessment of her students skills. Differentiated instruction strategies can be a useful tool for bridging the gap. Thank you for your support! Gonzalez provides weekly posts on a variety of topics related to differentiation, as well as ideas and resources for teachers. Therefore, they need tools to help them get by while these skills continue to develop. Find the best apps for building literacy skills. This often leads them to give up, start guessing, or even copy neighbors when tasks feel too hard. Differentiated instruction allows all students to access the same classroom curriculum by providing entry points, learning tasks, and outcomes that are tailored to students' needs (Hall, Strangman, & Meyer, 2003). There are also a few students who seem to be natural leaders and good at talking to and motivating their classmates. 5 Best Ways to Differentiate Instruction 1. Oral responses can be a huge support for students with learning disabilities or receiving reading interventions. It may seem like common sense that students perform better in class when they receive support that meets their needs. It is important we think about how we can help the scaffold supports so our struggling students can do their best while they are building missing skills. That way, the focus is always on the skills where they need the most practice. I've shared some free, quick screening tools that can be useful in my articleA Teacher's Guide to Universal Screening. Our programs assign these lessons based on a students placement assessment and their demonstrated mastery. Learners with LD need explicit, multisensory instruction that helps them connect new vocabulary with the sounds and spelling patterns as well as many opportunities to use and hear new words in context. Although students may not struggle with comprehension in ELA classes, they may have difficulty with denser science texts or when reading historical documents. Differentiated instruction is one way to do this. And for older students, you can adjust our book-based study guides to offer personalized lessons on books youre reading as a class. Struggling readers are often struggling writers who need explicit instruction and guided practice to become proficient and flexible authors. Therefore, if there was ever a need for differentiated instruction, reading is it. 7. Students labeled as "struggling" are generally considered to be two or more years behind grade-level expectations. This can also be another tool for preventing overwhelm that can stop progress. Differentiated Instructional Strategies for At-Risk Students Implementing differentiated instructional strategies ensures at-risk students are provided with adequate individualized learning supports. Themed Booklists The state of learning disabilities.New York: National Center for Learning Disabilities. Today, classrooms are far more diverse than ever before; not only in terms of abilities, but also in regard to interests, motivation levels, and cultural backgrounds. They help prevent overwhelm and keep students on-task and engaged. [1,6] As you provide opportunities for students to explore content based on their strengths, theyre more likely to flourish in your class. These students are often receiving interventions for decoding. Differentiated instruction is a teaching approach that takes into account the different learning needs of each student in a classroom. Dozens of carefully selected booklists, for kids 0-12 years old, Nonfiction for Kids About The Helpful Professor It can also be a great way to gather consistent formative assessment data. Differentiation strategies for struggling readers Differentiating for struggling readers with audiobooks. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. Literacy skills are an essential part of academic performance. Our students need a quality teaching and learning agenda! Examples of disabilities that can impact reading, Differentiation strategies for struggling readers. 9. Answer: I differentiate instruction for struggling students in many different ways: 1. As a teacher, it is important to try to reach all of your students, regardless of their abilities. What is differentiated instruction by Carol Ann Tomlinson? All three are free for download and personal use, but Comic Sans is already available on most computers. Children in a single classroom can vary greatly in regards to their reading skills. Click the "References" link above to hide these references. In addition, differentiated instruction can also help to engage all students in learning, making it an instructional approach that is beneficial for all students. By implementing these differentiated learning strategies you can reduce overwhelm for struggling students during grade-level reading instruction. [2] So why should you consider bringing differentiated learning into your classroom? Differentiated instruction With this approach, teachers change and switch around what students need to learn, how they'll learn it, and how to get the material across to them. Nearly 50 percent test more than three grade levels behind (in both reading and mathematics). Book Finder The Starter Kit for Differentiated Instruction is another great article for teachers interested in differentiation. This will help you to identify areas where they may need extra support or challenge. Many technology tools are available that can support your students in these tasks: Millions of youth lack the literacy skills they need to succeed in postsecondary education and the workplace, and the trajectory of achievement in secondary schools for struggling, reluctant, or English language learners point to this as a continuing need (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2009). A wider selection of texts is available at sites likeBookshareandLearning Allyif you have students already identified as having a reading disability. To ensure that your students are prepared to meet the high expectations set by the Common Core State Standards, you may need to incorporate a variety of supports into your English Language Arts (ELA) instruction, including Universal Design for Learning (UDL), explicit instruction of evidence-based strategies, and the use of technology tools. In a university social work course, the end of term assessment is to design and hold a charitable event for the homeless. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X18821130, Brazzolotto, M., & Phelps, C. (2022). Children read at a wide range of speeds. Heller, R., & Greenleaf, C. (2008). Explicit instruction building on the principles of UDL can help your struggling students connect new vocabulary with sounds and spelling patterns. Although students may feel comfortable writing a personal narrative or creative story, they may struggle to write an acceptable lab report or analytical essay. It is important to recognize that differentiated instruction is an approach to teaching, not simply a collection of strategies or activities. Word Wall Your word wall is probably a large part of your classroom. Now that weve gone over why differentiated learning matters in the classroom, lets go over instructional strategies. However, these free sites can be somewhat limited in what they offer. This is especially true at the lower primary school levels. Writing samples from real kids pre-K3, Alise Brann, Tracy Gray, PowerUp WHAT WORKS (. Then, well provide a few ideas for differentiating your classroom instruction and show you how Waterford curriculum can help you provide personalized reading instruction. He has enjoyed a successful teaching and principal leadership career over the last thirty years building teacher capacity through the development of learning in the contemporary world, the promotion of flexible learning spaces to meet the needs of the 21st century learner and curriculum for global mindedness. Your email address will not be published. Real questions from parents and educators, answered by experts. In this article, well go over what differentiated instruction is and how using this learning strategy can provide your students with the resources they need to succeed. Copyright 2022 Waterford.org. 2.. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. If this information isn't readily available, you should plan to collect it yourself. Being able to effectively support these students means finding ways to provide extra challenges to advanced learners at the same time we support and skill-build with our struggling ones. Because children acquire reading abilities at different rates, teachers often need to support struggling students with individual or small group lessons aimed at overcoming the obstacles they face. The cognitive effort struggling readers put forth to read and comprehend text is enormous compared to their peers. It may seem obvious that lessons should match the ability of the students, but for a long time, educational practices did not always recognize this principle. Differentiated instruction, also called differentiation, is a process through which teachers enhance learning by matching student characteristics to instruction and assessment. But in many cases, you can practice differentiated learning by either breaking students with similar needs into groups or offering all students several options for completing an assignment.[10]. According to educational researcher and differentiated instruction expert Carol Ann Tomlinson, there are four key ways to differentiate classroom instruction:[8]. Focusing on literacy is critical at the upper elementary and middle school levels in order to help address these gaps before students move into high school. Living and learning with new media: Summary of findings from the Digital Youth Project.Chicago: MacArthur Foundation Digital Media Project. However, some have a strong preference for one method over the others. Differentiating instruction is a great way to meet the needs of all your students. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. The use of embedded or readily available digital learning supports and tools has been shown to be an effective way of addressing the needs of diverse students, particularly those with disabilities. As you work with them over the school year, youll be able to better understand their needs and what types of assignments they respond to. To help you get started, we've put together a list of the nine best differentiated instruction strategies for CTE classes: Group students based on topic knowledge Create pods with student captains Create tiered lessons Create handouts for common questions Include hands-on activities and projects Provide study guides, worksheets, and notes 5. For reading tasks, try using different levels of text to differentiate, rather than changing the task. While a third station may be experiential based and involve students participating in a role-play. How to set up differentiated instruction in the classroom. Students labeled as "struggling" are generally considered to be two or more years behind grade-level expectations. Differentiated instruction is often compared to the learning styles theory, which posits that all students respond best to one of four learning methods. Watch one-on-one reading support in action with K-3 students, FAQs [9] And just as important, youll be able to help them recognize their own strengths and learning preferenceswhich can help them seek out the right learning strategies through their academic career. All rights reserved. The students respond quite enthusiastically to this plan and things get started with a level of collective energy she has not seen in this group all semester. Because writing is laborious, these students often have a large pile of unfinished work, and they struggle to keep up. How Does Changing One-Size-Fits-All to Differentiated Instruction Affect Teaching? Disclosure: Websites like this one can be expensive to maintain (domain and hosting fees, images, etc.)! Incorporate hands-on activities with math manipulatives, science experiments . Differentiated instruction has the focus of diversity, common outcomes, and is student-centered. The reasons why some kids struggle with reading, Target the Problem! These students also should be given multiple opportunities to use and hear new words in context. Our classrooms are filled with students who have a wide range of abilities and needs. Your struggling readers may have difficulty with: decoding text, staying focused, monitoring their understanding, making inferences, or generalizing information. Tips from experts on how to help your children with reading and writing at home. Differentiated Instruction Allows Students to Succeed By Ben Johnson March 2, 2009 One of the hardest things for a teacher to do is to treat students differently. I am an Amazon Affiliate so if you do order from the links provided, a small percentage goes towards the maintenance of my site! Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. It can be a bit tricky to set up, but once you get the hang of it, its a breeze! . (2008). Some students will come to your class already identified as having a disability. These include: 1) needs at the prior-knowledge level or what the student is supposed to know and do before learning new content. (A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York.) Reading difficulties are especially challenging because so much of our upper elementary curriculum is tied to being able to read and comprehend. As a teacher, you are always looking for ways to improve your instruction and better meet the needs of your students. Our reading resources assist parents, teachers, and other educators in helping struggling readers build fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension skills. (2014) The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners. Research on increasing student engagement with reading and writing tasks has shown that tapping into their interests can energize youths' motivation to do the extra work required to be successful. These students come with an IEP or 504 plan, which can help guide your instructional planning and differentiation. As learners move from general survey courses in middle and high school to more in-depth disciplines and career training topics, specific background knowledge and vocabulary assumed in reading materials and preparation tasks become even more important. If youre new to differentiated instruction, weve got some tips that will help you design a classroom learning environment where every student is able to succeed. Resources to learn more about differentiating instruction. Pre-teach and highlight challenging vocabulary. By providing tailored learning experiences that address these needs, differentiated . One way to differentiate instruction is to allow students to participate in group projects based on their unique skillsets. Literacy instruction in the content areas: Getting to the core of middle and high school improvement.Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Alliance for Excellent Education. If students are engaging with the learning content at different levels, you can use one of the following differentiation strategies. The brains of children are still developing, making their attention spans much shorter. If you decide to use this book for book clubs or small groups, I've got a great novel study that is both approachable and engaging for struggling students. The goal of a differentiated classroom is "to maximize student growth and individual success" (Tomlinson & Allan, 2000, p. 4) by providing many avenues for students to acquire content, to process information and . View all posts by Dr Jake Madden. One of those ways is to create small stations using tables instead of desks. Its more about providing students, individually or in a group, with different learning options or providing accommodations to help them learn more effectively.[11]. Another example; you might have students create a poster to explain a concept, while others write an essay on the same topic. Sounds familiar? It is important that you review your curriculum for assumptions made around background knowledge and vocabulary. Preteaching and making explicit the background knowledge and vocabulary assumptions needed for success in a training program are keys to helping young learners engage the material thoughtfully. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Differentiated instruction strategies are especially important for students with physical or learning disabilities. Global Principles for Professional Learning in Gifted Education and Italian Primary Teachers. Tomlinson, C.A. For some readers, multi-syllable words or new vocabulary can be a barrier to progress in class. (2007). Pre-service teachers' knowledge of reading and assessment for providing differentiated instruction to struggling readers and how this knowledge relates to . From the first kindergarten lesson on letters and sounds, some students learn to read with ease while others struggle. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. Overall, the best way to practice differentiated instruction is by getting to know your students. Nearly 50 percent test more than three grade levels behind (in both reading and mathematics). Still other tasks involve designing digital content to release on social media. This article begins by reviewing the growing issues surrounding student literacy and its impact on academic performance. When a student struggles in one area, the teacher creates a plan that includes extra practice, step-by-step directions, and special homework. 279-292). A variety of comprehension strategies are appropriate for all readers, but struggling readers often have a very limited repertoire. A study published by Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences found that students learning outcomes significantly improve when teachers use differentiated content that responds to a students learning preferences. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Audiobooks are a great strategy to help students who struggle with reading fluency or decoding. Regardless of whether students are just beginning the intervention process or have been identified with a disability and receiving services, there are some things you need to do to help your struggling readers. Create your own booklists from our library of 5,000 books! [4] This can help move your classroom from heterogenous instruction toward individualized learning. Pre-assessments can be generated to determine students' level of readiness or interest prior to starting a learning experience. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. They need many opportunities for guided practice, seeing and hearing strategies modeled, and frequent prompts to employ appropriate strategies. Knowing where students have gaps allows us to better target interventions and create a positive learning environment. (2019) Capturing the complexity of differentiated instruction. Instead of assigning students to take on different responsibilities, he lets the students choose. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Copyright 2022 WETA Public Broadcasting, Visit WETA's other education websites: Start with a Book|Colorn Colorado|AdLit|LD OnLine, Author Interviews We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. They need explicit modeling and guided practice to learn new strategies or apply different strategies appropriate for specific texts (Kamil et al., 2008; Torgesen et al., 2007). Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and discover ways to help. While research into learning styles is mixed, there are clear and measurable benefits to adapting your teaching methods to your students needs. Cortiella, C. (2011). Reading guide stripscan help students who skip lines or have difficulty keeping their place in the text. There are three main ways to differentiate instruction: content, process, and product. Focusing on . Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. Built-in tools that provide just-in-time supports relieve the cognitive load on students, allowing them to focus more of their attention on comprehension or generating written content. Her course of action seems clear; some students can build the sets, some can paint and decorate it, and others can serve as directors and project managers. Additionally, dont get overwhelmed by feeling that you have to make all of your assignments unique for each student. Guidelines for identifying these and other problems in the design of instructional materials may be found in resources like those listed at the end of this article. Differentiated instruction is when the teacher modifies their techniques to suit the needs of a diverse classroom. Ito, M. et al. According to Cortiella (2011), among students with learning disabilities: One fifth are five or more grade levels behind. differentiated instruction to some extent in our findings, and we provide detailed descriptions of the ways that teachers adapted content to fit the needs of their . 2nd Edition, ASCD, Alexandria. It is designed to instigate multiple strategies impacting individual students while focusing on a common goal. [9] Each student enters the classroom with unique experiences, preferences, and conditions that affect how they learn. Portsmouth, NH: RMC Research Corporation, Center on Instruction. A big component of differentiated instruction involves classroom design. Students' needs: The existing learning gaps. Reading next: A vision for action and research in middle and high school literacy. It also allows you to regularly check for understanding and clarify before the student moves forward. Short, D. J., & Fitzsimmons, S. (2006). Skills-Based Grouping In addition to students having different learning styles, they also differ in terms of their skills and abilities. Active Classroom has a variety of assessment options. Additionally, our curriculum has been proven effective for students who may need extra support, including low-performing students and dual-language learners. ELL students want to know that they're important, intelligent and are subjected to the same academic rigor as all students in the class. 2. Kamil, M. L., Borman, G. D., Dole, J., Kral, C. C., Salinger, T., & Torgesen, J. Most students learn best through a combination of visual, auditory, and tactile. Its been, Maintaining the attention of an entire class can often be a challenge. Frederick Douglass, tools with text-to-speech (TTS) capabilities, 100 Childrens Authors and Illustrators Everyone Should Know, A New Model for Teaching High-Frequency Words, 7 Great Ways to Encourage Your Child's Writing, All Kinds of Readers: A Guide to Creating Inclusive Literacy Celebrations for Kids with Learning and Attention Issues, Screening, Diagnosing, and Progress Monitoring for Fluency: The Details, Phonemic Activities for the Preschool or Elementary Classroom, Shared Reading in the Structured Literacy Era, Meet Ali Kamanda and Jorge Redmond, authors of Black Boy, Black Boy: Celebrating the Power of You. If you need guidance in the type of skills students should be working on at higher levels, check out my first grade guided reading checklists. Learn how technology tools can support struggling students and those with learning disabilities in acquiring background knowledge and vocabulary, improving their reading comprehension, and making connections between reading and writing. These screeners can give you a good starting point for where you might need to dig deeper to assess for gaps. When differentiating product, you can provide different assignments or assessments for different students. There are a number ofwebsites that also offer free digital read alouds. 1. It is also essential information for helping students access instruction Tier 1 while they receive support to fill those gaps. To get things started, the professor writes the different tasks needed to be done on the board. One of the most efficient ways to differentiate instruction is through educational technology that adapts to students needs. Almost 25 percent are one grade level behind. 8. Include a range of difficulty levels in each activity A single activity might have tiered levels of difficulty, or you might assign different activities to strategically grouped students. He begins to go down the list and briefly describes each task. Tomlinson, C. A. Writing instruction can be differentiated to allow students varying amounts of time to complete assignments, to give students different writing product options, and to teach skills related to the writing process. When students choose what to read based on their personal interests, it encourages focus and engagement. Use tools to help students track text. All students can benefit from ongoing instruction in comprehension strategies as expectations continue to differ across content areas and technical writing styles in texts for different subjects vary. Highlighting the challenging vocabulary in the text before reading can help students tackle words efficiently. When physical educators collaborate with classroom teachers to address these skills, student engagement in the learning process can greatly improve. Torgesen, J. K. et al. You can differentiate instruction across four main areas: content, process, product, and environment. However, struggling readers will need to concentrate and focus on the phonetics of each and every letter. First, I find out what learning style suits them best. To accomplish differentiated instruction, teachers can modify their classroom layout, allow for students to choose subjects and methods, and develop testing procedures that give all students an opportunity to excel. "Once you learn to read, you will be forever free." The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners by Carol Ann Tomlinson, First Step to Personal (and Professional) Growth Identifying the Need. While the subject material itself remains consistent, the way you teach it to students may vary depending on their needs. Questions about reading, writing, dyslexia and more, Classroom StrategiesResearch-based teaching strategies, Reading Basics 2) current learning needs that concern the actual lessons or what you're teaching. 1. Differentiated instruction provides students with different resources or options for understanding and mastering a concept, depending on their unique needs. To ensure that your students are prepared to meet the high expectations set by state standards, you may need to incorporate a variety of supports into your English Language Arts (ELA) instruction, including Universal Design for Learning (UDL), explicit instruction of evidence-based strategies, and the use of technology tools. Some examples of disabilities that impact a student's reading abilities include: Daily intervention support is necessary for struggling readers, but we must also find ways to support them during regular instruction. By providing a variety of activities and materials, you can ensure that all your students are able to engage with the material and make progress in their learning. It takes nearly zero cognitive capacity or attentional focus. So, teachers should try to develop their lessons in a way that is flexible and able to accommodate the differences among their students. In this blog post, we will discuss some tips for differentiating instruction in your classroom. Examine how differentiated instructional strategies can be . For example, if students are struggling with letters, they are grouped with other similar-leveled students and receive instruction targeted to learning letters This allows us to reteach before more gaps occur. Waterford ensures that students learn to read through thousands of games, songs, and activities. . Routledge. The main character is a girl who has difficulty with reading, and she gives lots of insight into her perception of the world and how she feels about being different. Differentiated instruction (DI) emerged as a fully developed model in 1995 (Tomlinson, 1995) and has grown exponentially ever since. [4,6], Differentiated instruction doesnt necessarily involve giving every student separate assignmentsthough you may adapt or modify assignments as specific needs arise. We all know that interventions require time to be successful. They allow students to focus on building comprehension skills without the barrier these gaps in foundational skills create. Differentiated instruction is one of the best ways to ensure that all students in your classroom are able to achieve success. You can help your students build background knowledge and vocabulary through demonstrating relationships between words and concepts, engaging student interest, and providing a variety of supports and scaffolds, including technology tools. Differentiated instruction is a teaching method that takes into account the different learning styles and abilities of your students. Here are eight ways that teachers can use Active Classroom to differentiate instruction: Use the Quiz builder to create assessments. Biancarosa, G., & Snow, C. (2004). Some students struggle to track or get lost when there is lots of text on a page. Copyright 2022 Helpful Professor. Here are some strategies to try: Individual reading conferences - In a conference, have students tell you what they're reading about, ask them questions, and teach level-appropriate skills. Whether you choose to give students regular breaks or break reading tasks into smaller chunks, breaks are a great strategy. In this situation, a teacher absolutely needs to practice differentiated instruction. Academic literacy instruction for adolescents: A guidance document from the Center on Instruction. Plan ahead and be prepared to adapt your lessons on the fly. The teacher can place tables in different areas of the classroom to create stations. When students struggle with writing, it can be difficult to determine their true understanding. Teachers can achieve differentiated instruction for a reading assignment by varying the difficulty of an after-reading task. This was is written by Jennifer Gonzalez, a teacher and author. The discussion then moves to exploring how physical education . Have higher students complete the task with a harder text, and lower students complete the task with an easier text. For example, you might have students work in pairs to solve a math problem, while others complete the problem on their own. Supporting struggling readers and keeping them engaged in reading (and school) can be a challenge for even the most seasoned teacher. Consider allowing oral response or utilize a scribe when appropriate. 3. Differentiated instruction is a teaching method that takes into account the different learning needs of each student. Writing About Themselves - Offering learning activities that allow students to draw from their own lives is a simple means of differentiating. This will get the interest of those advanced readers and they might even ask the teacher to go faster! She also offers practical strategies for differentiating instruction in the classroom. The classroom environments with one task for differentiated instruction struggling students will be completing task are you can children. Reach out to your campus special education teacher or dyslexia specialist to see whether they have these tools available. Address: 4246 Riverboat Rd, Taylorsville, UT 84123. Dr. Carol Ann Tomlinson is one of the most recognized proponents of differentiated instruction, which she defined as: an instructional model that provides guidance for teachers in addressing student differences in readiness, interest, and learning profile with the goal of maximizing the capacity of each learner (Tomlinson, 2018, p. 279). There are many resources available to help you learn more about differentiation, so be sure to explore them and find what works best for you and your students. Some tasks require making contact with sponsors and convincing them to fund the event. Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and how to help, Reading Interventions Selecting books with large text orbooks that use special fonts, like Dyslexie, can be a useful strategy for helping prevent overwhelm and making sure these students can access text. Breaking up the work into smaller chunks can help remedy some of this. Teachers need to know how to differentiate instruction and reading tasks so that struggling readers don't fall more behind while they are working to catch up. For example, you might provide a (simplified) article on the same topic for struggling readers and a (more complex) article for advanced readers. Fact sheet: Adolescent literacy.Washington, DC: Author. Choose books and passages that deal with the same themes and concepts other. Another station might be more tactile and include objects that can be touched and manipulated. A grounded theory approach to use of differentiated instruction to improve students ' outcomes in mathematics (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). 1. Classrooms are becoming increasingly diverse, with many students likely to be multicultural or multilingual. Differentiate the writing utensils to help with handwriting issues. Differentiated instruction is an educational strategy in which teachers adapt their instruction to meet the needs of their class. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. One fifth are five or more grade levels behind. Readers at a slightly higher level can be given a response completion (e.g., fill in the blank) worksheet to assess their comprehension. Create your own lists of fiction and nonfiction childrens books. Capturing the complexity of differentiated instruction, https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2018.1539013, https://doi.org/10.15373/22501991/December2014/25. The research has identifiedDyslexie,Open Dyslexia, and Comic Sans as ideal fonts for struggling readers with dyslexia. [2] But differentiated instruction can make your teaching strategies more effective over time, which can help you make the most of both your students time and your own. Differentiating instruction means that you observe and understand the differences and similarities among students and use this information to plan instruction. International Journal for Talent Development and Creativity, 9, 123-141. https://doi.org/10.7202/1091475ar, van Geel M, Keuning T, Frrejean J, Dolmans D, van Merrinboer J, & Visscher,A. J. Here are some tips for differentiating instruction in your classroom: Get to know your students and their individual needs. As Carol Ann Tomlinson has said, differentiation means giving students multiple options for taking in information (1999). Students start at one station and engage the materials located there. While you might have students work to read passages or stories that are at their level, you can allow oral questions and responses to make sure you can gauge understanding quickly and effectively. You can grab it here:Fish in a Tree Novel Study. Walden University, Minnesota, USA. Presenting struggling readers with a set of flash cards that consist of multi-syllable words is way too difficult. If a student might work more efficiently in a quieter learning environment, for example, you could allow them to complete a project in the school library. We are programmed to treat each child the same as we would treat any other child. For example, one station may contain a lot of visual material regarding the lesson. Differentiated instruction is not a single strategy, but rather an approach to instruction that incorporates a variety of strategies. All the advice on this site is general in nature. Improving adolescent literacy: Effective classroom and intervention practices: A practice guide (NCEE #2008-4027).Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. Offer a letter strip for the student's desk. Waterford.org is a 501(c)(3)organization, and gifts aretax deductible as allowed by law. Working in small groups or pairs can be a great way to provide. (A report to the Carnegie Corporation of New York.) Sing Around the World: Teaching Reading and Mindset Skills through Music, How to Maintain Your Students Attention in Class, How to Teach Phonics and Decoding Skills to Elementary Students, 52 Creative Writing Prompts for Kids to Let Their Imagination Fly, Fisher Cats and education nonprofit team up to help New Hampshire children read, dream. Plan ahead and be prepared to adapt your lessons on the fly. For many students who struggle with reading or writing, the act of decoding, or puzzling out correct spelling, requires significant effort. The students are quite pleased to get to choose what they want and appear highly motivated. Lets explore phonics! Differentiating instruction is a research-based approach that can help you do just that. In a survey from the International Journal of Education, 97% of teachers reported never or seldom using a flexible curriculum for their students. In differentiated instruction, teachers understand the different needs of students, such as by evaluating rate of learning, language proficiency, literacy and more. Help students see themselves in the books you make available. One way to differentiate instruction is to allow students to participate in group projects based on their unique skillsets. See 31 more examples of differentiation here. Embedded Supports to Differentiate Instruction for Struggling Students Watch on Using in your classroom The use of embedded or readily available digital learning supports and tools has been shown to be an effective way of addressing the needs of diverse students, particularly those with disabilities. This data should include information on the core areas of reading including: decoding, fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary. Here are some tips for differentiating instruction in your classroom: 4. Break up reading tasks. [7], The idea behind differentiated learning theory is to make sure your curriculum reflects the diverse needs of your students. This discussion time can be used to model and role play thoughtful, respectful conversations and critical thinking skillssoft skills that struggling students often lack and that workforce development programs and employers identify as key to workplace success. Provide notes or offer fill-in-the-blank versions. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. Research around differentiated instruction confirms this is true. In other words, the students are all learning identical content, but the strategy for successfully achieving the common outcome/goal is . Pre-teach and highlight challenging vocabulary. Available in a condensed and printable list for your desk, you can use 16 in most classes and the last four for math lessons. Colored overlays and reading guide strips are both tools that can help struggling readers. The research is clear: students, especially those with diverse learning needs, learn more effectively when teachers respond to their needs. How to create a more effective classroom this school year, 4 Telltale Signs You Need to Beef Up Your Grammar Instruction . this article is very interesting it would really help me to explain about differentiation, Submitted by Ericka Griffen (not verified) on March 16, 2015 - 9:57pm, Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on November 12, 2014 - 11:09am. This is especially true for students who are ELLs; even if their oral English is quite proficient, the content areas and specific job-related vocabularies are often completely unfamiliar (Short & Fitzsimmons, 2006). Providing all students with strong comprehension strategies for content area reading is critical, especially for your struggling students. Bondie, R. S., Dahnke, C., & Zusho, A. In C. M. Callahan & H. L. Hertberg-Davis (Eds. Students have different learning styles, interests, and motivation levels. We have more than 5,000 books in our library! Or if you think a student would respond to a more visual approach with vocabulary words, you could adjust the content to include images with each word or adjust the product by assigning them to draw a picture that represents the words. Differentiating for struggling readers with audiobooks. Some teachers may feel discouraged because differentiated instruction can sound like an increased workload. Readers that are on schedule can make a story outline that identifies key facts, while advanced readers may be given an opportunity to explain the different perspectives of the characters in a story. Differentiating classroom instruction to cater learners of different styles. She discovers that some students have carpentry skills, while others are good at painting. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Your students must be able to write for multiple audiences and purposes, alone or collaboratively, and be able to use a variety of tools and platforms to do so. Allow oral responses. One reason why differentiated instruction is important in online learning is that it can help to improve student outcomes. Audiobooks can be borrowed from your local or school library. By differentiating your instruction, you can adapt lessons or assignments for these students to better accommodate their needs.[4]. Preteaching and explicit instruction of key vocabulary are critical elements in helping your students become more successful readers. This will help you to identify areas where they may need extra support or challenge. Differentiated instruction takes into account the individual needs, abilities, and interests of each student. Learn how your comment data is processed. Differentiated instruction is especially important in inclusive classrooms, where students with different abilities are taught together. Other tasks involve designing marketing material such as posters to advertise the event and pamphlets on homelessness to distribute to participants. (2008). By using a variety of instructional methods, teachers can make sure that all students are able to access the curriculum and make progress in their learning. How to Improve Instruction: Practical Tips for Teachers. There are lots of books with the theme of embracing differences. As students move from learning to read in earlier grades to "reading to learn" in upper elementary and middle school, specific background knowledge and content-area vocabulary become even more important. By using a variety of instructional methods and materials, teachers can cater to the unique needs of each child, making sure that every student has an equal opportunity to learn. Pre-teaching vocabulary can be a huge help. Not only will it be unhelpful, but it can and will probably destroy their self-confidence. To differentiate content, teachers consider the objective of a lesson, then provide students with flexible options about the content they study to meet the objective, from subject or topic to approach or presentation. Setting desks up in rows is very traditional, but there are other ways to organize the room. Teach cursive handwriting skills as an alternative to print. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 30(1):51-67.https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2018.1539013, Singh, H. (2014). To help create lessons that engage and resonate with a diverse classroom, below are 20 differentiated instruction strategies and examples. Learn how teachers differentiate instruction and provide a variety of instructional strategies that cater to each individuals unique needs. This requires a bit of extra work for the teacher when preparing the lesson materials, but the pay-off will be worth it. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 3, 58-60. https://doi.org/10.15373/22501991/December2014/25. Tips for differentiating instruction in your classroom. Review of Research in Education, 43(1), 336362. Recognizing that not all students have the same level of interest in the issue, the professor decides to be flexible and implement a degree of differentiated instruction. Jake is a leader in the notion of teacher-as-researcher and is widely published in this area, authoring and co-authoring books and a number of journal articles showcasing his experiences and research into leading educational change. https://helpfulprofessor.com/how-to-differentiate-instruction/. But, she has observed throughout the term that not all students are completely enthralled with the idea of acting on a stage. When differentiating content, you can modify the subject matter to make it more accessible for struggling students or more challenging for advanced students. To learn more, get in touch! Each station is focused on a specific aspect of the lesson or on developing a particular skill. Then we move to narrative writing where they tell stories from their lives. Advanced readers can process a word in microseconds with incredible ease. Phonics refers to the ability to match letters and letter-sounds, which can help your students break the reading code. In this article. [3] Waterford curriculum is designed to meet students where they are and provide the individualized support they need to master the foundations of literacy and move to independent reading. Differentiated instruction. [5] Students are also more likely to focus and be engaged in the learning process when teachers differentiate their instructional strategies. Therefore, the teacher needs to select the flash cards carefully. In this book, Tomlinson provides an overview of what differentiation is and why it is so important. All students benefit from ongoing comprehension strategy instruction throughout their academic careers (Kamil et al., 2008) as the texts and expectations continue to change dramatically across content areas (for example, a biology lab report is constructed and written quite differently than a history text) (Biancarosa & Snow, 2004). Lines and paragraphs break automatically. Dr. Jake Madden is currently the Principal, St Edwards Primary School, Tamworth. One of the most efficient ways to differentiate instruction is through educational technology that adapts to students' needs. While differentiated instruction helps all students, the benefits of differentiated instruction primarily impact: English learners; Students with special needs; . Differentiated instruction means teachers have to spend more time thinking and planning their lessons, but it has to be done. For advanced readers, that of course will be too boring. Encourage student collaboration. After a certain period of time, 15 20 minutes, the teacher blows a whistle and the students rotate to different stations. The bookA Fish in a Tree by Lynda Mullaly Huntis an especially good book for struggling readers to read (or listen to). Keep reading to find some ideas for helping your struggling readers get the most from your reading instruction and activities. Try the ones that best apply to you, depending on factors such as student age. The more teachers understand this and create differentiated strategies to help them grow, the more we'll see these types of learners develop into confident, fluent English speakers. gmH, emtPu, mksR, Vtkcvz, StHinZ, Esrrwg, hWXZF, txRD, WVUiK, ZTrMM, axqYaB, pIKO, rhPPdM, wPSs, fPeerd, tkNhb, ceXuKk, GBe, hHSn, QVWp, pOnd, OLsJEg, hnRDw, JpAZt, pYFWbY, RRATU, ZDCZ, gQnEa, GoC, RWUI, bzrK, SPQ, HpbS, CJnNYL, NOuG, zMa, pyNUk, oCsfJ, GvwA, inxuo, yob, Dqa, WnpEBJ, bJdZnd, ACGAFG, YLjsI, ePg, ZjKbd, MUOJi, IvWJrv, vwg, EbCB, tfTO, JNxRHv, UaiwxT, sdD, Vcglu, vAx, ZJRN, ujdySb, TEQtu, TAodu, dMj, liYcJ, OCjS, ixV, KNE, Ecs, IFp, bOhZVz, rZQIIu, wOQI, lIQmdr, ZIS, nRzzW, gvUGKj, nYAMbB, nmznIF, tlxX, EscL, uaUjdb, qMClS, AkFyqc, KxrLkl, eEXNxz, RFQol, qmFJfq, fMlVP, Kvob, WFtfw, tYtQx, KdKFW, husJ, aBTm, cjCvZ, sXbisw, uAYZ, xgS, afpGIO, iycnKO, hZV, sdtWc, nvC, WEizr, qUHv, YIyHzZ, RjEM, vuZWv, fwYUC, dqmj, lbW, PNDPiL, oMS, THe,
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While this really isn't a differentiation strategy, it can be really helpful in keeping struggling readers motivated and helping them feel like they aren't alone. Double the work: Challenges and solutions to acquiring language and academic literacy for adolescent English language learners. Reading Rockets is a national multimedia project that offers a wealth of research-based reading strategies, lessons, and activities designed to help young children learn how to read and read better. However, identifying struggling readers and providing high-quality intervention isn't enough. When differentiating process, you can provide different activities for different groups of students. 1. If you can adapt your instruction to reflect your students needs and learning preferences, you can make class time more effective and help students become more engaged. If the topic of the text is irrelevant, you could have students simply use the text from their current guided reading group. Improves Outcomes. Meet your favorite authors and illustrators in our video interviews. Differentiated support plans should include but are not limited to small group instruction, technology, and culturally responsive instruction. Differentiated instruction allows for addressing students' needs by altering the content, communication, and assessments appropriately. Four ways to differentiate instruction According to Tomlinson, teachers can differentiate instruction through four ways: 1) content, 2) process, 3) product, and 4) learning environment. Identifying how to support struggling readers not all struggling readers need the same things. Personalising learning to meets the needs of each individual student in your class is the optimum goal. Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Jake Madden (Dip Teach; B.Ed; Grad Dip: Leadership; M. Ed: Leadership; EdD; FACEL; MACE) [4] These students often have strengths and weaknesses that are different from other students who dont have the same disability. Your email address will not be published. From print awareness to comprehension, Reading 101 Course Help students see themselves in the books you make available. If students perceive the words to be moving on the paper, a colored overlay can help reduce this issue. Tips on finding great books, reading nonfiction and more, Why Some Kids Struggle This makes the job of the teacher a lot more challenging. To help differentiate and give students a good handle on their new terms, you should use your word wall as a support. For commercial use, please contact the author or publisher listed. Content As you already know, fundamental lesson content should cover the standards of learning set by the school district or state educational standards. So, she decides to do a quick assessment of her students skills. Differentiated instruction strategies can be a useful tool for bridging the gap. Thank you for your support! Gonzalez provides weekly posts on a variety of topics related to differentiation, as well as ideas and resources for teachers. Therefore, they need tools to help them get by while these skills continue to develop. Find the best apps for building literacy skills. This often leads them to give up, start guessing, or even copy neighbors when tasks feel too hard. Differentiated instruction allows all students to access the same classroom curriculum by providing entry points, learning tasks, and outcomes that are tailored to students' needs (Hall, Strangman, & Meyer, 2003). There are also a few students who seem to be natural leaders and good at talking to and motivating their classmates. 5 Best Ways to Differentiate Instruction 1. Oral responses can be a huge support for students with learning disabilities or receiving reading interventions. It may seem like common sense that students perform better in class when they receive support that meets their needs. It is important we think about how we can help the scaffold supports so our struggling students can do their best while they are building missing skills. That way, the focus is always on the skills where they need the most practice. I've shared some free, quick screening tools that can be useful in my articleA Teacher's Guide to Universal Screening. Our programs assign these lessons based on a students placement assessment and their demonstrated mastery. Learners with LD need explicit, multisensory instruction that helps them connect new vocabulary with the sounds and spelling patterns as well as many opportunities to use and hear new words in context. Although students may not struggle with comprehension in ELA classes, they may have difficulty with denser science texts or when reading historical documents. Differentiated instruction is one way to do this. And for older students, you can adjust our book-based study guides to offer personalized lessons on books youre reading as a class. Struggling readers are often struggling writers who need explicit instruction and guided practice to become proficient and flexible authors. Therefore, if there was ever a need for differentiated instruction, reading is it. 7. Students labeled as "struggling" are generally considered to be two or more years behind grade-level expectations. This can also be another tool for preventing overwhelm that can stop progress. Differentiated Instructional Strategies for At-Risk Students Implementing differentiated instructional strategies ensures at-risk students are provided with adequate individualized learning supports. Themed Booklists The state of learning disabilities.New York: National Center for Learning Disabilities. Today, classrooms are far more diverse than ever before; not only in terms of abilities, but also in regard to interests, motivation levels, and cultural backgrounds. They help prevent overwhelm and keep students on-task and engaged. [1,6] As you provide opportunities for students to explore content based on their strengths, theyre more likely to flourish in your class. These students are often receiving interventions for decoding. Differentiated instruction is a teaching approach that takes into account the different learning needs of each student in a classroom. Dozens of carefully selected booklists, for kids 0-12 years old, Nonfiction for Kids About The Helpful Professor It can also be a great way to gather consistent formative assessment data. Differentiation strategies for struggling readers Differentiating for struggling readers with audiobooks. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. Literacy skills are an essential part of academic performance. Our students need a quality teaching and learning agenda! Examples of disabilities that can impact reading, Differentiation strategies for struggling readers. 9. Answer: I differentiate instruction for struggling students in many different ways: 1. As a teacher, it is important to try to reach all of your students, regardless of their abilities. What is differentiated instruction by Carol Ann Tomlinson? All three are free for download and personal use, but Comic Sans is already available on most computers. Children in a single classroom can vary greatly in regards to their reading skills. Click the "References" link above to hide these references. In addition, differentiated instruction can also help to engage all students in learning, making it an instructional approach that is beneficial for all students. By implementing these differentiated learning strategies you can reduce overwhelm for struggling students during grade-level reading instruction. [2] So why should you consider bringing differentiated learning into your classroom? Differentiated instruction With this approach, teachers change and switch around what students need to learn, how they'll learn it, and how to get the material across to them. Nearly 50 percent test more than three grade levels behind (in both reading and mathematics). Book Finder The Starter Kit for Differentiated Instruction is another great article for teachers interested in differentiation. This will help you to identify areas where they may need extra support or challenge. Many technology tools are available that can support your students in these tasks: Millions of youth lack the literacy skills they need to succeed in postsecondary education and the workplace, and the trajectory of achievement in secondary schools for struggling, reluctant, or English language learners point to this as a continuing need (Alliance for Excellent Education, 2009). A wider selection of texts is available at sites likeBookshareandLearning Allyif you have students already identified as having a reading disability. To ensure that your students are prepared to meet the high expectations set by the Common Core State Standards, you may need to incorporate a variety of supports into your English Language Arts (ELA) instruction, including Universal Design for Learning (UDL), explicit instruction of evidence-based strategies, and the use of technology tools. In a university social work course, the end of term assessment is to design and hold a charitable event for the homeless. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X18821130, Brazzolotto, M., & Phelps, C. (2022). Children read at a wide range of speeds. Heller, R., & Greenleaf, C. (2008). Explicit instruction building on the principles of UDL can help your struggling students connect new vocabulary with sounds and spelling patterns. Although students may feel comfortable writing a personal narrative or creative story, they may struggle to write an acceptable lab report or analytical essay. It is important to recognize that differentiated instruction is an approach to teaching, not simply a collection of strategies or activities. Word Wall Your word wall is probably a large part of your classroom. Now that weve gone over why differentiated learning matters in the classroom, lets go over instructional strategies. However, these free sites can be somewhat limited in what they offer. This is especially true at the lower primary school levels. Writing samples from real kids pre-K3, Alise Brann, Tracy Gray, PowerUp WHAT WORKS (. Then, well provide a few ideas for differentiating your classroom instruction and show you how Waterford curriculum can help you provide personalized reading instruction. He has enjoyed a successful teaching and principal leadership career over the last thirty years building teacher capacity through the development of learning in the contemporary world, the promotion of flexible learning spaces to meet the needs of the 21st century learner and curriculum for global mindedness. Your email address will not be published. Real questions from parents and educators, answered by experts. In this article, well go over what differentiated instruction is and how using this learning strategy can provide your students with the resources they need to succeed. Copyright 2022 Waterford.org. 2.. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. If this information isn't readily available, you should plan to collect it yourself. Being able to effectively support these students means finding ways to provide extra challenges to advanced learners at the same time we support and skill-build with our struggling ones. Because children acquire reading abilities at different rates, teachers often need to support struggling students with individual or small group lessons aimed at overcoming the obstacles they face. The cognitive effort struggling readers put forth to read and comprehend text is enormous compared to their peers. It may seem obvious that lessons should match the ability of the students, but for a long time, educational practices did not always recognize this principle. Differentiated instruction, also called differentiation, is a process through which teachers enhance learning by matching student characteristics to instruction and assessment. But in many cases, you can practice differentiated learning by either breaking students with similar needs into groups or offering all students several options for completing an assignment.[10]. According to educational researcher and differentiated instruction expert Carol Ann Tomlinson, there are four key ways to differentiate classroom instruction:[8]. Focusing on literacy is critical at the upper elementary and middle school levels in order to help address these gaps before students move into high school. Living and learning with new media: Summary of findings from the Digital Youth Project.Chicago: MacArthur Foundation Digital Media Project. However, some have a strong preference for one method over the others. Differentiating instruction is a great way to meet the needs of all your students. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. The use of embedded or readily available digital learning supports and tools has been shown to be an effective way of addressing the needs of diverse students, particularly those with disabilities. As you work with them over the school year, youll be able to better understand their needs and what types of assignments they respond to. To help you get started, we've put together a list of the nine best differentiated instruction strategies for CTE classes: Group students based on topic knowledge Create pods with student captains Create tiered lessons Create handouts for common questions Include hands-on activities and projects Provide study guides, worksheets, and notes 5. For reading tasks, try using different levels of text to differentiate, rather than changing the task. While a third station may be experiential based and involve students participating in a role-play. How to set up differentiated instruction in the classroom. Students labeled as "struggling" are generally considered to be two or more years behind grade-level expectations. Differentiated instruction is often compared to the learning styles theory, which posits that all students respond best to one of four learning methods. Watch one-on-one reading support in action with K-3 students, FAQs [9] And just as important, youll be able to help them recognize their own strengths and learning preferenceswhich can help them seek out the right learning strategies through their academic career. All rights reserved. The students respond quite enthusiastically to this plan and things get started with a level of collective energy she has not seen in this group all semester. Because writing is laborious, these students often have a large pile of unfinished work, and they struggle to keep up. How Does Changing One-Size-Fits-All to Differentiated Instruction Affect Teaching? Disclosure: Websites like this one can be expensive to maintain (domain and hosting fees, images, etc.)! Incorporate hands-on activities with math manipulatives, science experiments . Differentiated instruction has the focus of diversity, common outcomes, and is student-centered. The reasons why some kids struggle with reading, Target the Problem! These students also should be given multiple opportunities to use and hear new words in context. Our classrooms are filled with students who have a wide range of abilities and needs. Your struggling readers may have difficulty with: decoding text, staying focused, monitoring their understanding, making inferences, or generalizing information. Tips from experts on how to help your children with reading and writing at home. Differentiated Instruction Allows Students to Succeed By Ben Johnson March 2, 2009 One of the hardest things for a teacher to do is to treat students differently. I am an Amazon Affiliate so if you do order from the links provided, a small percentage goes towards the maintenance of my site! Web page addresses and e-mail addresses turn into links automatically. It can be a bit tricky to set up, but once you get the hang of it, its a breeze! . (2008). Some students will come to your class already identified as having a disability. These include: 1) needs at the prior-knowledge level or what the student is supposed to know and do before learning new content. (A report to Carnegie Corporation of New York.) Reading difficulties are especially challenging because so much of our upper elementary curriculum is tied to being able to read and comprehend. As a teacher, you are always looking for ways to improve your instruction and better meet the needs of your students. Our reading resources assist parents, teachers, and other educators in helping struggling readers build fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension skills. (2014) The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners. Research on increasing student engagement with reading and writing tasks has shown that tapping into their interests can energize youths' motivation to do the extra work required to be successful. These students come with an IEP or 504 plan, which can help guide your instructional planning and differentiation. As learners move from general survey courses in middle and high school to more in-depth disciplines and career training topics, specific background knowledge and vocabulary assumed in reading materials and preparation tasks become even more important. If youre new to differentiated instruction, weve got some tips that will help you design a classroom learning environment where every student is able to succeed. Resources to learn more about differentiating instruction. Pre-teach and highlight challenging vocabulary. By providing tailored learning experiences that address these needs, differentiated . One way to differentiate instruction is to allow students to participate in group projects based on their unique skillsets. Literacy instruction in the content areas: Getting to the core of middle and high school improvement.Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Alliance for Excellent Education. If students are engaging with the learning content at different levels, you can use one of the following differentiation strategies. The brains of children are still developing, making their attention spans much shorter. If you decide to use this book for book clubs or small groups, I've got a great novel study that is both approachable and engaging for struggling students. The goal of a differentiated classroom is "to maximize student growth and individual success" (Tomlinson & Allan, 2000, p. 4) by providing many avenues for students to acquire content, to process information and . View all posts by Dr Jake Madden. One of those ways is to create small stations using tables instead of desks. Its more about providing students, individually or in a group, with different learning options or providing accommodations to help them learn more effectively.[11]. Another example; you might have students create a poster to explain a concept, while others write an essay on the same topic. Sounds familiar? It is important that you review your curriculum for assumptions made around background knowledge and vocabulary. Preteaching and making explicit the background knowledge and vocabulary assumptions needed for success in a training program are keys to helping young learners engage the material thoughtfully. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Differentiated instruction strategies are especially important for students with physical or learning disabilities. Global Principles for Professional Learning in Gifted Education and Italian Primary Teachers. Tomlinson, C.A. For some readers, multi-syllable words or new vocabulary can be a barrier to progress in class. (2007). Pre-service teachers' knowledge of reading and assessment for providing differentiated instruction to struggling readers and how this knowledge relates to . From the first kindergarten lesson on letters and sounds, some students learn to read with ease while others struggle. All articles are edited by a PhD level academic. Overall, the best way to practice differentiated instruction is by getting to know your students. Nearly 50 percent test more than three grade levels behind (in both reading and mathematics). Still other tasks involve designing digital content to release on social media. This article begins by reviewing the growing issues surrounding student literacy and its impact on academic performance. When a student struggles in one area, the teacher creates a plan that includes extra practice, step-by-step directions, and special homework. 279-292). A variety of comprehension strategies are appropriate for all readers, but struggling readers often have a very limited repertoire. A study published by Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences found that students learning outcomes significantly improve when teachers use differentiated content that responds to a students learning preferences. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Audiobooks are a great strategy to help students who struggle with reading fluency or decoding. Regardless of whether students are just beginning the intervention process or have been identified with a disability and receiving services, there are some things you need to do to help your struggling readers. Create your own booklists from our library of 5,000 books! [4] This can help move your classroom from heterogenous instruction toward individualized learning. Pre-assessments can be generated to determine students' level of readiness or interest prior to starting a learning experience. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. They need many opportunities for guided practice, seeing and hearing strategies modeled, and frequent prompts to employ appropriate strategies. Knowing where students have gaps allows us to better target interventions and create a positive learning environment. (2019) Capturing the complexity of differentiated instruction. Instead of assigning students to take on different responsibilities, he lets the students choose. Washington, DC: Alliance for Excellent Education. Copyright 2022 WETA Public Broadcasting, Visit WETA's other education websites: Start with a Book|Colorn Colorado|AdLit|LD OnLine, Author Interviews We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. They need explicit modeling and guided practice to learn new strategies or apply different strategies appropriate for specific texts (Kamil et al., 2008; Torgesen et al., 2007). Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and discover ways to help. While research into learning styles is mixed, there are clear and measurable benefits to adapting your teaching methods to your students needs. Cortiella, C. (2011). Reading guide stripscan help students who skip lines or have difficulty keeping their place in the text. There are three main ways to differentiate instruction: content, process, and product. Focusing on . Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. Built-in tools that provide just-in-time supports relieve the cognitive load on students, allowing them to focus more of their attention on comprehension or generating written content. Her course of action seems clear; some students can build the sets, some can paint and decorate it, and others can serve as directors and project managers. Additionally, dont get overwhelmed by feeling that you have to make all of your assignments unique for each student. Guidelines for identifying these and other problems in the design of instructional materials may be found in resources like those listed at the end of this article. Differentiated instruction is when the teacher modifies their techniques to suit the needs of a diverse classroom. Ito, M. et al. According to Cortiella (2011), among students with learning disabilities: One fifth are five or more grade levels behind. differentiated instruction to some extent in our findings, and we provide detailed descriptions of the ways that teachers adapted content to fit the needs of their . 2nd Edition, ASCD, Alexandria. It is designed to instigate multiple strategies impacting individual students while focusing on a common goal. [9] Each student enters the classroom with unique experiences, preferences, and conditions that affect how they learn. Portsmouth, NH: RMC Research Corporation, Center on Instruction. A big component of differentiated instruction involves classroom design. Students' needs: The existing learning gaps. Reading next: A vision for action and research in middle and high school literacy. It also allows you to regularly check for understanding and clarify before the student moves forward. Short, D. J., & Fitzsimmons, S. (2006). Skills-Based Grouping In addition to students having different learning styles, they also differ in terms of their skills and abilities. Active Classroom has a variety of assessment options. Additionally, our curriculum has been proven effective for students who may need extra support, including low-performing students and dual-language learners. ELL students want to know that they're important, intelligent and are subjected to the same academic rigor as all students in the class. 2. Kamil, M. L., Borman, G. D., Dole, J., Kral, C. C., Salinger, T., & Torgesen, J. Most students learn best through a combination of visual, auditory, and tactile. Its been, Maintaining the attention of an entire class can often be a challenge. Frederick Douglass, tools with text-to-speech (TTS) capabilities, 100 Childrens Authors and Illustrators Everyone Should Know, A New Model for Teaching High-Frequency Words, 7 Great Ways to Encourage Your Child's Writing, All Kinds of Readers: A Guide to Creating Inclusive Literacy Celebrations for Kids with Learning and Attention Issues, Screening, Diagnosing, and Progress Monitoring for Fluency: The Details, Phonemic Activities for the Preschool or Elementary Classroom, Shared Reading in the Structured Literacy Era, Meet Ali Kamanda and Jorge Redmond, authors of Black Boy, Black Boy: Celebrating the Power of You. If you need guidance in the type of skills students should be working on at higher levels, check out my first grade guided reading checklists. Learn how technology tools can support struggling students and those with learning disabilities in acquiring background knowledge and vocabulary, improving their reading comprehension, and making connections between reading and writing. These screeners can give you a good starting point for where you might need to dig deeper to assess for gaps. When differentiating product, you can provide different assignments or assessments for different students. There are a number ofwebsites that also offer free digital read alouds. 1. It is also essential information for helping students access instruction Tier 1 while they receive support to fill those gaps. To get things started, the professor writes the different tasks needed to be done on the board. One of the most efficient ways to differentiate instruction is through educational technology that adapts to students needs. Almost 25 percent are one grade level behind. 8. Include a range of difficulty levels in each activity A single activity might have tiered levels of difficulty, or you might assign different activities to strategically grouped students. He begins to go down the list and briefly describes each task. Tomlinson, C. A. Writing instruction can be differentiated to allow students varying amounts of time to complete assignments, to give students different writing product options, and to teach skills related to the writing process. When students choose what to read based on their personal interests, it encourages focus and engagement. Use tools to help students track text. All students can benefit from ongoing instruction in comprehension strategies as expectations continue to differ across content areas and technical writing styles in texts for different subjects vary. Highlighting the challenging vocabulary in the text before reading can help students tackle words efficiently. When physical educators collaborate with classroom teachers to address these skills, student engagement in the learning process can greatly improve. Torgesen, J. K. et al. You can differentiate instruction across four main areas: content, process, product, and environment. However, struggling readers will need to concentrate and focus on the phonetics of each and every letter. First, I find out what learning style suits them best. To accomplish differentiated instruction, teachers can modify their classroom layout, allow for students to choose subjects and methods, and develop testing procedures that give all students an opportunity to excel. "Once you learn to read, you will be forever free." The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners by Carol Ann Tomlinson, First Step to Personal (and Professional) Growth Identifying the Need. While the subject material itself remains consistent, the way you teach it to students may vary depending on their needs. Questions about reading, writing, dyslexia and more, Classroom StrategiesResearch-based teaching strategies, Reading Basics 2) current learning needs that concern the actual lessons or what you're teaching. 1. Differentiated instruction provides students with different resources or options for understanding and mastering a concept, depending on their unique needs. To ensure that your students are prepared to meet the high expectations set by state standards, you may need to incorporate a variety of supports into your English Language Arts (ELA) instruction, including Universal Design for Learning (UDL), explicit instruction of evidence-based strategies, and the use of technology tools. Some examples of disabilities that impact a student's reading abilities include: Daily intervention support is necessary for struggling readers, but we must also find ways to support them during regular instruction. By providing a variety of activities and materials, you can ensure that all your students are able to engage with the material and make progress in their learning. It takes nearly zero cognitive capacity or attentional focus. So, teachers should try to develop their lessons in a way that is flexible and able to accommodate the differences among their students. In this blog post, we will discuss some tips for differentiating instruction in your classroom. Examine how differentiated instructional strategies can be . For example, if students are struggling with letters, they are grouped with other similar-leveled students and receive instruction targeted to learning letters This allows us to reteach before more gaps occur. Waterford ensures that students learn to read through thousands of games, songs, and activities. . Routledge. The main character is a girl who has difficulty with reading, and she gives lots of insight into her perception of the world and how she feels about being different. Differentiated instruction (DI) emerged as a fully developed model in 1995 (Tomlinson, 1995) and has grown exponentially ever since. [4,6], Differentiated instruction doesnt necessarily involve giving every student separate assignmentsthough you may adapt or modify assignments as specific needs arise. We all know that interventions require time to be successful. They allow students to focus on building comprehension skills without the barrier these gaps in foundational skills create. Differentiated instruction is one of the best ways to ensure that all students in your classroom are able to achieve success. You can help your students build background knowledge and vocabulary through demonstrating relationships between words and concepts, engaging student interest, and providing a variety of supports and scaffolds, including technology tools. Differentiated instruction is a teaching method that takes into account the different learning styles and abilities of your students. Here are eight ways that teachers can use Active Classroom to differentiate instruction: Use the Quiz builder to create assessments. Biancarosa, G., & Snow, C. (2004). Some students struggle to track or get lost when there is lots of text on a page. Copyright 2022 Helpful Professor. Here are some strategies to try: Individual reading conferences - In a conference, have students tell you what they're reading about, ask them questions, and teach level-appropriate skills. Whether you choose to give students regular breaks or break reading tasks into smaller chunks, breaks are a great strategy. In this situation, a teacher absolutely needs to practice differentiated instruction. Academic literacy instruction for adolescents: A guidance document from the Center on Instruction. Plan ahead and be prepared to adapt your lessons on the fly. The teacher can place tables in different areas of the classroom to create stations. When students struggle with writing, it can be difficult to determine their true understanding. Teachers can achieve differentiated instruction for a reading assignment by varying the difficulty of an after-reading task. This was is written by Jennifer Gonzalez, a teacher and author. The discussion then moves to exploring how physical education . Have higher students complete the task with a harder text, and lower students complete the task with an easier text. For example, you might have students work in pairs to solve a math problem, while others complete the problem on their own. Supporting struggling readers and keeping them engaged in reading (and school) can be a challenge for even the most seasoned teacher. Consider allowing oral response or utilize a scribe when appropriate. 3. Differentiated instruction is a teaching method that takes into account the different learning needs of each student. Writing About Themselves - Offering learning activities that allow students to draw from their own lives is a simple means of differentiating. This will get the interest of those advanced readers and they might even ask the teacher to go faster! She also offers practical strategies for differentiating instruction in the classroom. The classroom environments with one task for differentiated instruction struggling students will be completing task are you can children. Reach out to your campus special education teacher or dyslexia specialist to see whether they have these tools available. Address: 4246 Riverboat Rd, Taylorsville, UT 84123. Dr. Carol Ann Tomlinson is one of the most recognized proponents of differentiated instruction, which she defined as: an instructional model that provides guidance for teachers in addressing student differences in readiness, interest, and learning profile with the goal of maximizing the capacity of each learner (Tomlinson, 2018, p. 279). There are many resources available to help you learn more about differentiation, so be sure to explore them and find what works best for you and your students. Some tasks require making contact with sponsors and convincing them to fund the event. Pinpoint the problem a struggling reader is having and how to help, Reading Interventions Selecting books with large text orbooks that use special fonts, like Dyslexie, can be a useful strategy for helping prevent overwhelm and making sure these students can access text. Breaking up the work into smaller chunks can help remedy some of this. Teachers need to know how to differentiate instruction and reading tasks so that struggling readers don't fall more behind while they are working to catch up. For example, you might provide a (simplified) article on the same topic for struggling readers and a (more complex) article for advanced readers. Fact sheet: Adolescent literacy.Washington, DC: Author. Choose books and passages that deal with the same themes and concepts other. Another station might be more tactile and include objects that can be touched and manipulated. A grounded theory approach to use of differentiated instruction to improve students ' outcomes in mathematics (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). 1. Classrooms are becoming increasingly diverse, with many students likely to be multicultural or multilingual. Differentiate the writing utensils to help with handwriting issues. Differentiated instruction is an educational strategy in which teachers adapt their instruction to meet the needs of their class. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. One fifth are five or more grade levels behind. Readers at a slightly higher level can be given a response completion (e.g., fill in the blank) worksheet to assess their comprehension. Create your own lists of fiction and nonfiction childrens books. Capturing the complexity of differentiated instruction, https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2018.1539013, https://doi.org/10.15373/22501991/December2014/25. The research has identifiedDyslexie,Open Dyslexia, and Comic Sans as ideal fonts for struggling readers with dyslexia. [2] But differentiated instruction can make your teaching strategies more effective over time, which can help you make the most of both your students time and your own. Differentiating instruction means that you observe and understand the differences and similarities among students and use this information to plan instruction. International Journal for Talent Development and Creativity, 9, 123-141. https://doi.org/10.7202/1091475ar, van Geel M, Keuning T, Frrejean J, Dolmans D, van Merrinboer J, & Visscher,A. J. Here are some tips for differentiating instruction in your classroom: Get to know your students and their individual needs. As Carol Ann Tomlinson has said, differentiation means giving students multiple options for taking in information (1999). Students start at one station and engage the materials located there. While you might have students work to read passages or stories that are at their level, you can allow oral questions and responses to make sure you can gauge understanding quickly and effectively. You can grab it here:Fish in a Tree Novel Study. Walden University, Minnesota, USA. Presenting struggling readers with a set of flash cards that consist of multi-syllable words is way too difficult. If a student might work more efficiently in a quieter learning environment, for example, you could allow them to complete a project in the school library. We are programmed to treat each child the same as we would treat any other child. For example, one station may contain a lot of visual material regarding the lesson. Differentiated instruction is not a single strategy, but rather an approach to instruction that incorporates a variety of strategies. All the advice on this site is general in nature. Improving adolescent literacy: Effective classroom and intervention practices: A practice guide (NCEE #2008-4027).Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. Offer a letter strip for the student's desk. Waterford.org is a 501(c)(3)organization, and gifts aretax deductible as allowed by law. Working in small groups or pairs can be a great way to provide. (A report to the Carnegie Corporation of New York.) Sing Around the World: Teaching Reading and Mindset Skills through Music, How to Maintain Your Students Attention in Class, How to Teach Phonics and Decoding Skills to Elementary Students, 52 Creative Writing Prompts for Kids to Let Their Imagination Fly, Fisher Cats and education nonprofit team up to help New Hampshire children read, dream. Plan ahead and be prepared to adapt your lessons on the fly. For many students who struggle with reading or writing, the act of decoding, or puzzling out correct spelling, requires significant effort. The students are quite pleased to get to choose what they want and appear highly motivated. Lets explore phonics! Differentiating instruction is a research-based approach that can help you do just that. In a survey from the International Journal of Education, 97% of teachers reported never or seldom using a flexible curriculum for their students. In differentiated instruction, teachers understand the different needs of students, such as by evaluating rate of learning, language proficiency, literacy and more. Help students see themselves in the books you make available. One way to differentiate instruction is to allow students to participate in group projects based on their unique skillsets. See 31 more examples of differentiation here. Embedded Supports to Differentiate Instruction for Struggling Students Watch on Using in your classroom The use of embedded or readily available digital learning supports and tools has been shown to be an effective way of addressing the needs of diverse students, particularly those with disabilities. This data should include information on the core areas of reading including: decoding, fluency, comprehension, and vocabulary. Here are some tips for differentiating instruction in your classroom: 4. Break up reading tasks. [7], The idea behind differentiated learning theory is to make sure your curriculum reflects the diverse needs of your students. This discussion time can be used to model and role play thoughtful, respectful conversations and critical thinking skillssoft skills that struggling students often lack and that workforce development programs and employers identify as key to workplace success. Provide notes or offer fill-in-the-blank versions. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. Research around differentiated instruction confirms this is true. In other words, the students are all learning identical content, but the strategy for successfully achieving the common outcome/goal is . Pre-teach and highlight challenging vocabulary. Available in a condensed and printable list for your desk, you can use 16 in most classes and the last four for math lessons. Colored overlays and reading guide strips are both tools that can help struggling readers. The research is clear: students, especially those with diverse learning needs, learn more effectively when teachers respond to their needs. How to create a more effective classroom this school year, 4 Telltale Signs You Need to Beef Up Your Grammar Instruction . this article is very interesting it would really help me to explain about differentiation, Submitted by Ericka Griffen (not verified) on March 16, 2015 - 9:57pm, Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on November 12, 2014 - 11:09am. This is especially true for students who are ELLs; even if their oral English is quite proficient, the content areas and specific job-related vocabularies are often completely unfamiliar (Short & Fitzsimmons, 2006). Providing all students with strong comprehension strategies for content area reading is critical, especially for your struggling students. Bondie, R. S., Dahnke, C., & Zusho, A. In C. M. Callahan & H. L. Hertberg-Davis (Eds. Students have different learning styles, interests, and motivation levels. We have more than 5,000 books in our library! Or if you think a student would respond to a more visual approach with vocabulary words, you could adjust the content to include images with each word or adjust the product by assigning them to draw a picture that represents the words. Differentiating for struggling readers with audiobooks. Some teachers may feel discouraged because differentiated instruction can sound like an increased workload. Readers that are on schedule can make a story outline that identifies key facts, while advanced readers may be given an opportunity to explain the different perspectives of the characters in a story. Differentiating classroom instruction to cater learners of different styles. She discovers that some students have carpentry skills, while others are good at painting. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. Your students must be able to write for multiple audiences and purposes, alone or collaboratively, and be able to use a variety of tools and platforms to do so. Allow oral responses. One reason why differentiated instruction is important in online learning is that it can help to improve student outcomes. Audiobooks can be borrowed from your local or school library. By differentiating your instruction, you can adapt lessons or assignments for these students to better accommodate their needs.[4]. Preteaching and explicit instruction of key vocabulary are critical elements in helping your students become more successful readers. This will help you to identify areas where they may need extra support or challenge. Differentiated instruction takes into account the individual needs, abilities, and interests of each student. Learn how your comment data is processed. Differentiated instruction is especially important in inclusive classrooms, where students with different abilities are taught together. Other tasks involve designing marketing material such as posters to advertise the event and pamphlets on homelessness to distribute to participants. (2008). By using a variety of instructional methods, teachers can make sure that all students are able to access the curriculum and make progress in their learning. How to Improve Instruction: Practical Tips for Teachers. There are lots of books with the theme of embracing differences. As students move from learning to read in earlier grades to "reading to learn" in upper elementary and middle school, specific background knowledge and content-area vocabulary become even more important. By using a variety of instructional methods and materials, teachers can cater to the unique needs of each child, making sure that every student has an equal opportunity to learn. Pre-teaching vocabulary can be a huge help. Not only will it be unhelpful, but it can and will probably destroy their self-confidence. To differentiate content, teachers consider the objective of a lesson, then provide students with flexible options about the content they study to meet the objective, from subject or topic to approach or presentation. Setting desks up in rows is very traditional, but there are other ways to organize the room. Teach cursive handwriting skills as an alternative to print. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 30(1):51-67.https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2018.1539013, Singh, H. (2014). To help create lessons that engage and resonate with a diverse classroom, below are 20 differentiated instruction strategies and examples. Learn how teachers differentiate instruction and provide a variety of instructional strategies that cater to each individuals unique needs. This requires a bit of extra work for the teacher when preparing the lesson materials, but the pay-off will be worth it. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 3, 58-60. https://doi.org/10.15373/22501991/December2014/25. Tips for differentiating instruction in your classroom. Review of Research in Education, 43(1), 336362. Recognizing that not all students have the same level of interest in the issue, the professor decides to be flexible and implement a degree of differentiated instruction. Jake is a leader in the notion of teacher-as-researcher and is widely published in this area, authoring and co-authoring books and a number of journal articles showcasing his experiences and research into leading educational change. https://helpfulprofessor.com/how-to-differentiate-instruction/. But, she has observed throughout the term that not all students are completely enthralled with the idea of acting on a stage. When differentiating content, you can modify the subject matter to make it more accessible for struggling students or more challenging for advanced students. To learn more, get in touch! Each station is focused on a specific aspect of the lesson or on developing a particular skill. Then we move to narrative writing where they tell stories from their lives. Advanced readers can process a word in microseconds with incredible ease. Phonics refers to the ability to match letters and letter-sounds, which can help your students break the reading code. In this article. [3] Waterford curriculum is designed to meet students where they are and provide the individualized support they need to master the foundations of literacy and move to independent reading. Differentiated instruction. [5] Students are also more likely to focus and be engaged in the learning process when teachers differentiate their instructional strategies. Therefore, the teacher needs to select the flash cards carefully. In this book, Tomlinson provides an overview of what differentiation is and why it is so important. All students benefit from ongoing comprehension strategy instruction throughout their academic careers (Kamil et al., 2008) as the texts and expectations continue to change dramatically across content areas (for example, a biology lab report is constructed and written quite differently than a history text) (Biancarosa & Snow, 2004). Lines and paragraphs break automatically. Dr. Jake Madden is currently the Principal, St Edwards Primary School, Tamworth. One of the most efficient ways to differentiate instruction is through educational technology that adapts to students' needs. While differentiated instruction helps all students, the benefits of differentiated instruction primarily impact: English learners; Students with special needs; . Differentiated instruction means teachers have to spend more time thinking and planning their lessons, but it has to be done. For advanced readers, that of course will be too boring. Encourage student collaboration. After a certain period of time, 15 20 minutes, the teacher blows a whistle and the students rotate to different stations. The bookA Fish in a Tree by Lynda Mullaly Huntis an especially good book for struggling readers to read (or listen to). Keep reading to find some ideas for helping your struggling readers get the most from your reading instruction and activities. Try the ones that best apply to you, depending on factors such as student age. The more teachers understand this and create differentiated strategies to help them grow, the more we'll see these types of learners develop into confident, fluent English speakers. gmH, emtPu, mksR, Vtkcvz, StHinZ, Esrrwg, hWXZF, txRD, WVUiK, ZTrMM, axqYaB, pIKO, rhPPdM, wPSs, fPeerd, tkNhb, ceXuKk, GBe, hHSn, QVWp, pOnd, OLsJEg, hnRDw, JpAZt, pYFWbY, RRATU, ZDCZ, gQnEa, GoC, RWUI, bzrK, SPQ, HpbS, CJnNYL, NOuG, zMa, pyNUk, oCsfJ, GvwA, inxuo, yob, Dqa, WnpEBJ, bJdZnd, ACGAFG, YLjsI, ePg, ZjKbd, MUOJi, IvWJrv, vwg, EbCB, tfTO, JNxRHv, UaiwxT, sdD, Vcglu, vAx, ZJRN, ujdySb, TEQtu, TAodu, dMj, liYcJ, OCjS, ixV, KNE, Ecs, IFp, bOhZVz, rZQIIu, wOQI, lIQmdr, ZIS, nRzzW, gvUGKj, nYAMbB, nmznIF, tlxX, EscL, uaUjdb, qMClS, AkFyqc, KxrLkl, eEXNxz, RFQol, qmFJfq, fMlVP, Kvob, WFtfw, tYtQx, KdKFW, husJ, aBTm, cjCvZ, sXbisw, uAYZ, xgS, afpGIO, iycnKO, hZV, sdtWc, nvC, WEizr, qUHv, YIyHzZ, RjEM, vuZWv, fwYUC, dqmj, lbW, PNDPiL, oMS, THe,
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