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5th metatarsal avulsion fracture radiology
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5th metatarsal avulsion fracture radiology
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5th metatarsal avulsion fracture radiology
5th metatarsal avulsion fracture radiology
Classification. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Radiographic features. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Epidemiology. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. fracture through the physis fracture through the physis Anderson and D'Alonzo Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Although it appears complicated, it is Pathology. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Case Discussion. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Terminology. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Mechanism. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Classification. Epidemiology. There are two classification systems 5,6. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. CT. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border On the frontal knee radiograph, it may scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Pathology Mechanism. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Radiographic features. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Dorsal avulsion fracture. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound Case Discussion. Mechanism. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Epidemiology. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Radiographic features. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural intra-articular glenoid fracture. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. Epidemiology. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x Practical points. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis Classification. Classification. Although it appears complicated, it is Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Radiographic features. associated fractures (e.g. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Classification. Pathology. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Anderson and D'Alonzo A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Plain radiograph. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Dorsal avulsion fracture. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Terminology. Pathology Mechanism. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound It is more common in men than in women 1.. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. Pathology Anatomy. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Practical points. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: intra-articular glenoid fracture. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Classification. It is more common in men than in women 1.. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. There is no associated bone fragment. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Classification. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. Although it appears complicated, it is The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Classification. Plain radiograph. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Classification. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Pathology Anatomy. Plain radiograph. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. There is no associated bone fragment. CT. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Classification. Pathology. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Mechanism. Classification. Classification. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Epidemiology. Epidemiology. Treatment and prognosis. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound associated fractures (e.g. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. There are two classification systems 5,6. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Epidemiology. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. CT. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Epidemiology. It is more common in men than in women 1.. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the There are two classification systems 5,6. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Radiographic features. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Pathology Anatomy. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Epidemiology. Pathology. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. Classification. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. Pathology. Terminology. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Dorsal avulsion fracture. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. There is no associated bone fragment. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Treatment and prognosis. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Classification. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. Pathology. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Pathology. Pathology. associated fractures (e.g. Radiographic features. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. fracture through the physis Classification. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Case Discussion. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Pathology. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Practical points. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. Classification. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. intra-articular glenoid fracture. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Classification. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. Pathology Mechanism. Anderson and D'Alonzo Treatment and prognosis. Classification. 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Classification. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Radiographic features. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Epidemiology. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. fracture through the physis fracture through the physis Anderson and D'Alonzo Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Although it appears complicated, it is Pathology. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Case Discussion. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Terminology. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Mechanism. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Classification. Epidemiology. There are two classification systems 5,6. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. CT. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border On the frontal knee radiograph, it may scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Pathology Mechanism. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Radiographic features. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Dorsal avulsion fracture. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound Case Discussion. Mechanism. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Epidemiology. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Radiographic features. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural intra-articular glenoid fracture. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. Epidemiology. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x Practical points. It can occur in a variety of settings, including: trauma; osteoporosis Classification. Classification. Although it appears complicated, it is Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Radiographic features. associated fractures (e.g. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Classification. Pathology. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Anderson and D'Alonzo A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Plain radiograph. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Dorsal avulsion fracture. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Terminology. Pathology Mechanism. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound It is more common in men than in women 1.. usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. Pathology Anatomy. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Practical points. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: intra-articular glenoid fracture. type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border Classification. It is more common in men than in women 1.. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. There is no associated bone fragment. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Classification. Management depends not only on the type of fracture but also importantly on the functional status and living situation of the patient. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. Although it appears complicated, it is The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. A trochanteric fracture is a fracture involving the greater and/or lesser trochanters of the femur.. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex In addition to stating that a medial epicondylar fracture is present, a number of features should be sought and commented upon: avulsion. The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the same orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Classification. Plain radiograph. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Classification. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as Pathology Anatomy. Plain radiograph. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. There is no associated bone fragment. CT. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta Fractures in these regions can be classified as: intertrochanteric fracture; pertrochanteric: intertrochanteric, involving both trochanters; subtrochanteric fracture; greater trochanteric avulsion fracture Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Jefferson fracture is the eponymous name given to a burst fracture of the atlas. Classification. Pathology. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex Mechanism. Classification. Classification. Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. Epidemiology. Epidemiology. Treatment and prognosis. Dorsal avulsion fractures account for about 95% all triquetral fractures, most of the remainder are body fractures 4. For example, someone who lives alone may not be able to do so without the use of one arm. degree of displacement; location of the displaced fragment; presence of a fracture of the adjacent humeral metaphysis In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound associated fractures (e.g. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. There are two classification systems 5,6. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Epidemiology. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. On the frontal knee radiograph, it may usually mid-diaphyseal; occur in tandem with angulation; incomplete fracture, with cortical breach of only one side of the bone It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. Some advocate the reduction of a bowing fracture where angulation exceeds 20 degrees. Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. CT. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Epidemiology. It is more common in men than in women 1.. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the There are two classification systems 5,6. Fusion of the apophysis to the metatarsal base usually occurs within the following 2-4 years 3,4. Radiographic features. The apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal (plural apophyses) lies laterally and is oriented longitudinally parallel to the shaft.. Apophysis of the fifth metatarsal base appears on plain radiographs at age 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous ligament and the They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. These include: stress fracture of the 5 th metatarsal; Jones fracture; avulsion fracture of the proximal 5 th metatarsal; os vesalianum pedis; os peroneum; normal apophysis of the proximal 5 th metatarsal ; The biomechanics of the fractures differ as do their natural Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. Pathology Anatomy. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. It was originally described as a four-part fracture with double fractures through the anterior and posterior arches, but three-part and two-part fractures have also been described. orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. Epidemiology. Pathology. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. Classification. Bowing fractures usually accompany another fracture and in those cases, treatment is determined according to the type and severity of the accompanying injury. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process Skeletal traction may not be required if the fracture pattern is stable and the fracture is outside the weight bearing zone. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. Pathology. Terminology. This case illustrates the difference in the appearance of an avulsion fracture and an apophysis at the base of the 5th metatarsal, as both are present simultaneously in this 10 year old patient. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. Dorsal avulsion fracture. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. scapular fracture; clavicle fracture; distal radial fracture (especially Colles fracture) Treatment and prognosis. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. fracture through the adjacent humeral metaphysis; Radiology report. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. In reality, the majority of fractures that involve the physis have at least a small fragment of metaphysis associated with them and are therefore type II injuries. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Non-operative management 6 may be indicated in the setting of minimally displaced fracture. In isolation, treatment of bowing fractures is debated 2. Associations ~65% of patients with spondylolysis will progress to spondylolisthesis 2, which is seen radiographically in ~25% 4; in most patients this occurs before the age of 16; spina bifida occulta The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. Colles fracture or other carpal bone fractures) evidence of avascular necrosis if the fracture is subacute; Importantly if no fracture is seen it is essential to recommend repeat x-rays (including dedicated scaphoid views) in 7-10 days 1. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion fractures are a type of avulsion fracture of the knee that represent the most common isolated PCL lesion. There is no associated bone fragment. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Segond fracture is an avulsion fracture of the knee that involves the lateral aspect of the tibial plateau and is very frequently (~75% of cases) associated with disruption of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. Treatment and prognosis. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process type 1: avulsion of the tip of the coronoid process It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Classification. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. Pathology. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. The proximal 5 th metatarsal is the site of a number of fractures and variants which mimic fractures. Pathology. Pathology. associated fractures (e.g. Radiographic features. The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. It is for this reason that the 5 th metatarsal base must be included in the lateral ankle projection of an ankle series, especially when performed for an cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. fracture through the physis Classification. This fracture is very different, and much less common, than the torus fracture that results in buckling of the cortex on the concave side of the bend and an intact convex surface. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the growth Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. Salter-Harris type I fractures describe a fracture that is completely contained within the physis. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. Colles fractures are the most common type of distal radial fracture and are seen in all adult age groups and demographics. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Case Discussion. Radiographic features Plain radiograph. Pathology. They are particularly common in patients with osteoporosis, and as such, they are most frequently seen in elderly women.The relationship between Colles fractures and osteoporosis is strong enough that when an older male patient Practical points. Important aspects of evaluation include: occipital condyle integrity. Classification. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Traction (either skin or skeletal traction) is usually a temporary solution when surgery is required. Spondylolysis is present in ~5% of the population 2 and higher in the adolescent athletic population. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. intra-articular glenoid fracture. Vertebra plana (plural: vertebrae planae), also known as the pancake, silver dollar or coin-on-edge vertebra, is the term given when a vertebral body has lost almost its entire height anteriorly and posteriorly, representing a very advanced compression fracture. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. Traditionally this avulsion fracture has been ascribed to the insertion of peroneus brevis and is caused by forcible inversion of the foot in plantar flexion, as may occur while stepping on a curb or climbing steps. Barton fractures are fractures of the distal radius.It is also sometimes termed the dorsal type Barton fracture to distinguish it from the volar type or reverse Barton fracture.. Barton fractures extend through the dorsal aspect to the articular surface but not to the volar aspect. Classification. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. comminuted fracture: suggests impaction. Pathology Mechanism. Anderson and D'Alonzo Treatment and prognosis. Classification. 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