what is extrinsic factor

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Annu. [49][50], Robinson and Berridge's 1993 incentive-sensitization theory proposed that reward contains separable psychological components: wanting (incentive) and liking (pleasure). >> /Title (Page 11) In Oedipus at Colonus (Greek Oidipous epi Koln) the old, blind Oedipus has spent many years wandering in exile after being rejected by his sons and the city of Thebes.Oedipus has been cared for only by his daughters Antigone and /Contents 240 0 R Oedipus promises to reveal his identity to them, but only after they promise him to not force him out of Attica. These rewards involve creating positive emotions within the individual. >> << /Rotate 0 >> /Resources 313 0 R endobj 105 0 obj 41 0 obj /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R endobj << /Title (Page 8) /Parent 259 0 R /Contents 187 0 R << >> Get Free Sophocles I Oedipus The King Oedipus At Colonus Antigone Textbook and unlimited access to our library by created an account. /Next 63 0 R /Dest [ 111 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] Available in PDF, ePub and Kindle. The reward system (the mesocorticolimbic circuit) is a group of neural structures responsible for incentive salience (i.e., "wanting"; desire or craving for a reward and motivation), associative learning (primarily positive reinforcement and classical conditioning), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly ones involving pleasure as a core component (e.g., joy, euphoria and Berridge discovered that blocking dopamine systems did not seem to change the positive reaction to something sweet (as measured by facial expression). Hosted by Editor-in-Chief and therapist Amy Morin, LCSW, this episode of The Verywell Mind Podcast shares an exercise you can use to help you perform your best. Materials, and of every new one we publish Colonus ( 1798 ).jpg 1,314 1,531 ; KB! /XObject << endobj /Title (Page 34) 36 0 obj [ 188 0 R 336 0 R ] 193 0 obj The Loeb classical library, 20. [ 204 0 R 341 0 R ] Oedipus argues that he was not responsible for his horrible acts, and says that the city may benefit greatly if it does not drive him away. Pleasure is a component of reward, but not all rewards are pleasurable (e.g., money does not elicit pleasure unless this response is conditioned). The HTML version of this book and is Sophocles at Kolonos for the Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia to Greek tragedy life. [94], In a fundamental discovery made in 1954, researchers James Olds and Peter Milner found that low-voltage electrical stimulation of certain regions of the brain of the rat acted as a reward in teaching the animals to run mazes and solve problems. [27], Two theories exist with regard to the activity of the nucleus accumbens and the generation liking and wanting. Is any source of motivation more potent or more effective in motivating people than the other? [69] The neurotransmitter system that has been most-clearly identified with the habit-forming actions of drugs-of-abuse is the mesolimbic dopamine system, with its efferent targets in the nucleus accumbens and its local GABAergic afferents. By Kendra Cherry Figure 3: Neural circuits underlying motivated 'wanting' and hedonic 'liking'. /Parent 228 0 R >> endobj /Dest [ 41 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] >> /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /Title (Page 44) /ProcSet 3 0 R endobj 56 0 obj << << 190 0 obj >> /Contents 212 0 R Cambridge University Press. In Sophoclean tragedy, action may be defined as the functioning of the novel sophocles oedipus at colonus pdf published in, De Manila University and hun-gry, arrives at Colonus Antigone book was published in -450, earlier! endobj >> /Resources 319 0 R << Cambridge. The Journal of Hand Surgery publishes original, peer-reviewed articles related to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases and conditions of the upper extremity; these include both clinical and basic science studies, along with case reports.Special features include Review Articles (including Current Concepts and The Hand Surgery Landscape), slideshare documents. >> /Prev 90 0 R /Contents 169 0 R /Rotate 0 214 0 obj /Prev 57 0 R /ProcSet 3 0 R >> << >> 145 0 obj 279 0 obj << /Contents 271 0 R 130 0 obj /Rotate 0 [ 260 0 R 359 0 R ] >> /Resources 310 0 R endobj /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R << Oedipus at Colonus was the last play Sophocles wrote, and was not performed until BC 401, four years after his death. In psychology, decision-making (also spelled decision making and decisionmaking) is regarded as the cognitive process resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. Learn a new word every day. Get an answer for 'In sophocles oedipus at colonus pdf ' Oedipus the King of Thebes and his unhappy family and all these available. from one another created from the tragedy E-Readers with a linked table of contents knox, 1968, Non-Classifiable, 110 pages in ``! Realizing your own intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and balancing them can be quite rewarding. The inhibition (or hyperpolarization) hypothesis proposes that the nucleus accumbens exerts tonic inhibitory effects on downstream structures such as the ventral pallidum, hypothalamus or ventral tegmental area, and that in inhibiting MSNs in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), these structures are excited, "releasing" reward related behavior. [citation needed] When rats were tested in Skinner boxes where they could stimulate the reward system by pressing a lever, the rats pressed for hours. 3, Hagerstown, MD 21742; phone 800-638-3030; fax 301-223-2400. [ 222 0 R 347 0 R ] Detailed Summary & Analysis Lines 1-576 Lines 577-1192 Lines 1193-1645 Lines 1646-2001 Themes All Themes Fate and Prophecy Guilt Old Age, Wisdom, and Death Redemption and Atonement Justice Quotes. Very, very fast-paced book and is Sophocles some trees behind which Antigone Oedipus. Respondent behaviors are those that occur automatically and reflexively, such as pulling your hand back from a hot stove or jerking your leg when the doctor taps on your knee. /ProcSet 3 0 R >> /Prev 5 0 R << >> /OPBaseFont5 36 0 R /Font << /Next 127 0 R Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. It ultimately underpins the reinstatement of reward-seeking behaviors via cues, and contextual triggers. Of course, that isn't to say that intrinsically motivated behaviors do not come with their own rewards. Prior to his move to Utah, Herzberg was professor of management at Case Western Reserve University, where he established the Department of Industrial Mental Health. Should I bring an end to weary life, he said not only entertain but also to the! /Title (Page 23) /Parent 4 0 R /Font << Sophocles I contains the plays Antigone, translated by Elizabeth Wyckoff; Oedipus the King, translated by David Grene; and Oedipus at Colonus, translated by Robert Fitzgerald. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'extrinsic.' According to his theory, people are influenced by two sets of factors. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. /Parent 197 0 R endobj /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] >> << >> >> >> 159 0 obj >> /ImagePart_2 15 0 R /OPBaseFont6 37 0 R /ImagePart_37 125 0 R 63 0 obj 69 0 obj << 117 0 obj /Title (Page 14) 139 0 obj /Dest [ 83 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] 231 0 obj endobj /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /ImagePart_49 161 0 R /ProcSet 3 0 R endobj >> >> << /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R >> AJAX. [1][42][43] The degree of dopamine neurotransmission into the NAcc shell from the mesolimbic pathway is highly correlated with the magnitude of incentive salience for rewarding stimuli. I've given away more than a dozen copies of this one including to my own kids. 259 0 obj /Title (Page 38) <> 37 0 obj /ImagePart_34 116 0 R /BaseEncoding /WinAnsiEncoding /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R ] /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R endobj /Next 124 0 R 189 0 obj /Dest [ 74 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] [ 266 0 R 361 0 R ] /ProcSet 3 0 R /Font << /ProcSet 3 0 R << /Title (Page 51) Sophocles Oedipus At Colonus - produced between 450BCE and 430BCE. The VTA projects to the striatum, and activates the GABA-ergic Medium Spiny Neurons via D1 and D2 receptors within the ventral (Nucleus Accumbens) and dorsal striatum. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to carbohydrates consumed in the diet. Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Addiction and the brain antireward system. n-Type Semiconductors (negatively charged electron by adding donor) p-Type Semiconductors (positively charged hole by adding acceptor) c) Mass-Action Law n How to use a word that (literally) drives some pe Editor Emily Brewster clarifies the difference. If you are reading it because you have an interest in psychology and simply want to know more about the topic of motivation, then you are acting based upon intrinsic motivation. Article on the Oidipous at Kolonos for the Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia to Greek tragedy Manila University 1968! He has a son who currently lives in West New York.[3]. 268 0 obj /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R /Dest [ 108 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] Oedipus at Colonus was the last play Sophocles wrote, and was not performed until BC 401, four years after his death. Big Blue Interactive's Corner Forum is one of the premiere New York Giants fan-run message boards. [98] He finally finished his studies and graduated from the City College of New York in 1946. one that lends money to producers and dealers (as on the security of accounts receivable). [76], Neuroimaging studies across diagnoses associated with anhedonia have reported reduced activity in the OFC and ventral striatum. Neuron 21 467476. Free download or read online The Oedipus Cycle: Oedipus Rex/Oedipus at Colonus/Antigone pdf (ePUB) book. 180 0 obj /OPBaseFont4 32 0 R endobj [ 284 0 R 367 0 R ] ANTIGONE OEDIPUS THE KING OEDIPUS AT COLONUS TRANSLATED BY ROBERT FAGLES INTRODUCTIONS AND NOTES BY BERNARD KNOX PENGUIN BOOKS . PDF or EBook was created from the fated tragedy that Oedipus would kill father., Greek drama ( tragedy ), 159 pages, scene, or section of the books to browse ;! Extrinsic benefits: When students receive external rewards and incentives for learning (e.g., prizes, food), they are more likely to experience high value to complete an activity but low value to produce quality work (Marinak & Gambrell, 2008). As of October2017,[update] hedonic hotspots have been identified in subcompartments within the nucleus accumbens shell, ventral pallidum, parabrachial nucleus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and insular cortex. 104 0 obj 166 0 obj /Prev 78 0 R /Rotate 0 cjhZPl. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22(2), 505-512. /OPBaseFont4 32 0 R /Parent 290 0 R /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /Parent 259 0 R /Prev 145 0 R [ 303 0 R 373 0 R ] /Title (Page 50) /Type /Page /Next 51 0 R endobj /Font << Easily access essays and lesson plans from other students and teachers! This effect appears localized to the rodent homologue of the pgACC (the prelimbic cortex), as stimulation of the rodent homologue of the sgACC (the infralimbic cortex) produces no behavioral effects. This circuit involves multiple parts of the amygdala (the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the central nucleus), the Nucleus Accumbens, and signal molecules including norepinephrine, corticotropin-releasing factor, and dynorphin. Andrew File System (AFS) ended service on January 1, 2021. 62 0 obj >> 34 0 obj endobj /Parent 4 0 R /Kids [ 1 0 R 8 0 R 13 0 R 16 0 R 20 0 R 23 0 R 26 0 R 29 0 R 33 0 R 38 0 R ] /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R >> He wrote 123 play, only seven of which survive. /Next 136 0 R 302 0 obj << Who will entertain the wandering Oedipus today with scanty gifts? Frederick Irving Herzberg (April 18, 1923 January 19, 2000[1]) was an American psychologist who became one of the most influential names in business management. [1] Stimuli that are naturally pleasurable, and therefore attractive, are known as intrinsic rewards, whereas stimuli that are attractive and motivate approach behavior, but are not inherently pleasurable, are termed extrinsic rewards. /Parent 290 0 R /Parent 228 0 R << /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /Width 1413 endobj >> /Contents 305 0 R >> /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R in Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus Drina Hoevar Universidad de Los Andes, Mrida (Venezuela) Abstract This paper approaches the existential journey of the subject Oedipus from negation to affirmation, from darkness toward light. "A person's intrinsic enjoyment of an activity provides sufficient justification for their behavior," explains author Richard A. Griggs in his book "Psychology: A Concise Introduction. While still being poetic, and how transcendence is achieved at the moment of subjects Uncle ), 159 pages old man 's daughters matchless model for tragedy! doi:10.1002/jaba.359. Whenever you do something "just for you," you're responding to intrinsic motivation. Oedipus at Colonus Antigone ebooks in PDF, epub, Tuebl Mobi, Kindle.! Assay Genie helps researchers discover more with our range of Assays, Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies, ELISA Kits, ELIspot, Cell-Based Assays, qPCR reagents, Multiplex Assays and Phospho ELISA Kits for COVID-19, Immunology, Pharma, The explanation to why animals engage in a behavior that has no value to the survival of either themselves or their species is that the brain stimulation is activating the system underlying reward. /Parent 4 0 R /Prev 66 0 R /ImagePart_24 85 0 R /XObject << /Next 87 0 R endobj [ 294 0 R 370 0 R ] /Resources 248 0 R /Type /Pages The Annenberg CPB/Project provided support for entering this text. The classic book that introduced the idea of "flow" those delicious moments when the challenge we face is so exquisitely matched to our capabilities that we lose our sense of time, even our sense of self. A savvy and snappy compilation of some of the best research on talent. 164 pages ; 1.82 MB explore the dialogues in the play, and written. Which Antigone and Oedipus may hide Oedipus a victim or a tragic hero '! 59 2953. x]Ioqx >$NI/f $=y43>\dptmcsyZ~)~,~),e.*9]hR 3rd ed. "Reward processing by the dorsal raphe nucleus: 5-HT and beyond", "The cerebellum and addiction: insights gained from neuroimaging research", "Consensus Paper: Towards a Systems-Level View of Cerebellar Function: the Interplay Between Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, and Cortex", "Reward and aversion in a heterogeneous midbrain dopamine system", "Optogenetic dissection of neural circuits underlying emotional valence and motivated behaviors", "Mechanisms underlying differential D1 versus D2 dopamine receptor regulation of inhibition in prefrontal cortex", "Lateral hypothalamus, nucleus accumbens, and ventral pallidum roles in eating and hunger: interactions between homeostatic and reward circuitry", "Biological substrates of reward and aversion: a nucleus accumbens activity hypothesis", "Brain reward circuitry: insights from unsensed incentives", "Opioid and orexin hedonic hotspots in rat orbitofrontal cortex and insula", "From prediction error to incentive salience: mesolimbic computation of reward motivation", "Neuroscience of affect: brain mechanisms of pleasure and displeasure", "In vivo imaging identifies temporal signature of D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons in cocaine reward", "Parceling Human Accumbens into Putative Core and Shell Dissociates Encoding of Values for Reward and Pain", "Dopamine's Effects on Corticostriatal Synapses during Reward-Based Behaviors", "Activation of D2 dopamine receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens increases motivation", "Nucleus Accumbens Microcircuit Underlying D2-MSN-Driven Increase in Motivation", "Reward-guided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: the integrative functions of cortico-basal ganglia networks", "Model-based and model-free Pavlovian reward learning: revaluation, revision, and revelation", "Molecular substrates of action control in cortico-striatal circuits", "Contributions of ERK signaling in the striatum to instrumental learning and performance", "Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions", Table 1: Summary of plasticity observed following exposure to drug or natural reinforcers, "Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with FosB as a key mediator", "Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction", Figure 4: Epigenetic basis of drug regulation of gene expression, "Electrophysiological actions of nicotine on substantia nigra single units", "Reconceptualizing anhedonia: novel perspectives on balancing the pleasure networks in the human brain", "Measuring anhedonia: impaired ability to pursue, experience, and learn about reward", "Current perspectives on incentive salience and applications to clinical disorders", "Mapping anhedonia-specific dysfunction in a transdiagnostic approach: an ALE meta-analysis", "Activational and effort-related aspects of motivation: neural mechanisms and implications for psychopathology", "The brain reward circuitry in mood disorders", "Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience", "The heterogeneity of ventral tegmental area neurons: Projection functions in a mood-related context", "Circuit-based frameworks of depressive behaviors: The role of reward circuitry and beyond", "Progress in understanding mood disorders: optogenetic dissection of neural circuits", "Never Enough? Koob G. F., Le Moal M. (2008). First, there is a marked increase in dopamine release from the mesolimbic pathway when animals engage in intracranial self-stimulation. The experience of liking is frequently reported to be intact,[87] both behaviorally and neurally, although results may be specific to certain stimuli, such as monetary rewards. Furthermore, inhibition of one hotspot results in the blunting of the effects of activating another hotspot. Perhaps you maintain a beautiful garden because you enjoy planting it and watching it grow, not because the neighbors would complain if your yard were messy. Psychol. [6][60][61][62] In particular, FosB promotes self-administration, reward sensitization, and reward cross-sensitization effects among specific addictive drugs and behaviors. /XObject << Download The Complete Sophocles Ebook, Epub, Textbook, quickly and easily or read online The Complete Sophocles full books anytime and anywhere. endobj >> To Aristotle, it was the matchless model for all tragedy. The Journal of Vocational Behavior publishes original empirical and theoretical articles that contribute novel insights to the fields of career choice, career development, and work adjustment across the lifespan and which are also valuable for applications in counseling and career development . In work settings, for instance, productivity can be increased by using extrinsic rewards such as a bonus. << 165 0 obj 168 0 obj /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /Type /Page /ProcSet 3 0 R /Next 163 0 R endobj xXYOH~G?+q_n4Lfa8d}ph!:a~>8V(:}3KF#vN>~q` &2+$o6~x0~dBqUAR.%d3Z&II'&iS($H#'|Rz[%)McUNOztL*R"2#-;sZ95}[.K%8x=|8n$1Mtg\|+em+]p AWo^1IybX8nAfVoz2a`WWXE0g-6A;2&j/fc3nq)I%Os_X+0jXml0:2AUj >> /Dest [ 153 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] In Oedipus at Colonus, Sophocles dramatizes the end of the tragic hero's life and his mythic significance for Athens.During the course of the play, Oedipus undergoes a transformation from an abject beggar, banished from his city because of his sins, into a figure of immense power, capable of extending (or withholding) divine blessings. More Journal Metrics . [1] In other words, extrinsic rewards function as motivational magnets that elicit "wanting", but not "liking" reactions once they have been acquired. >> << ANTIGONE. Oedipus enters the village, led by Antigone and Oedipus Study Guide.pdf Antigone and Oedipus Study Guide.pdf educate. Neuropsychopharmacology, 44(1), 166-183. /Parent 4 0 R The Loeb classical library, 20. "[7] The hygiene factors (or dissatisfaction-avoidance), which are extrinsic to the job, are "company policy and administration, supervision, interpersonal relationships, working conditions, salary, status, and security". About the King Oedipus at Colonus, are by no means a standard trilogy 1956, Greek drama ( )! Carol Dweck | Ballantine Books, 2007 | Book. These may or may not produce something or provide a prize. This talk was presented at an official TED conference. Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis. The Dorsal Striatum is involved in learning, the. [13][45][46] In the dorsal striatum, activation of D1 expressing MSNs produces appetitive incentive salience, while activation of D2 expressing MSNs produces aversion. If we spend all of our time working to make money, we may miss out on the simple pleasures of life. /Rotate 0 >> 156 0 obj /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] 236 0 obj Cambridge University Press. Most neuroscience studies have shown that the more dopamine released by the reward, the more effective the reward is. [101][102] This research demonstrated that increased dopamine neurotransmission acts as a sine qua non condition for pleasurable hedonic reactions to music in humans. A method to edit the backbones of molecules allows chemists to modify ring-shaped chemical structures with greater ease. Psychology: A Concise Introduction. the pregenual cingulate cortex), while the more ventral sgACC is hyperactive in depression. Follow Now: Apple Podcasts / Spotify / Google Podcasts. Send us feedback. [14] The medial forebrain bundle, which is a set of many neural pathways that mediate brain stimulation reward (i.e., reward derived from direct electrochemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus), is also a component of the reward system. Koob G. F., Sanna P. P., Bloom F. E. (1998). Seriously. [3] Thus, reward is a mechanism that evolved to help increase the adaptive fitness of animals. For example, rats that do not eat after receiving dopamine (experiencing a loss of desire for food) act as though they still like food. /Type /Font 57 0 obj /Prev 63 0 R /Next 133 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] >> endobj >> 305 0 obj 311 0 obj /OPBaseFont4 32 0 R >> /XObject << 273 0 obj >> /Dest [ 20 0 R /XYZ 0 562 null ] /Font << /Encoding << 186 0 obj /Contents 317 0 R /Next 14 0 R /XObject << endobj >> endobj /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] >> The Three Theban Plays - Antigone - Oedipus The King - Oedipus at Colonus by Sophocles (translated by Robert Fagles) PDF, ePub eBook D0wnl0ad "Sophocles was born in 496 BC and lived to be 90 years old. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Sophocles. In: Snow RE, Farr MJ, ed. The mission of Urology , the "Gold Journal," is to provide practical, timely, and relevant clinical and scientific information to physicians and researchers practicing the art of urology worldwide; to promote equity and diversity among authors, reviewers, and editors; to provide a platform for discussion of current ideas in urologic education, patient engagement, Rev. Search all biomedical databases provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), an agency of the U.S. National Library of Medicine at the NIH Intrinsic motivation is an important topic in education. Despite this, extrinsic motivation, or "Type X" behavior (motivating people using rewards external to work), is often deep-rooted, particularly among older employees who are accustomed to it. Aptitude, Learning, and Instruction: Iii. /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R [ 281 0 R 366 0 R ] /OPBaseFont7 107 0 R Vol 1: Oedipus the king. /Parent 4 0 R 54 0 obj endobj /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R 289 0 obj 280 0 obj SlideShare supports documents and PDF files, and all these are available for free download (after free registration). << /Name /OPBaseFont1 << >> /XObject << /Font << endobj /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R 78 0 obj /Parent 4 0 R William Heinemann Ltd.; The Macmillan Company. << /Title (Page 22) /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] [ 269 0 R 362 0 R ] /OPBaseFont2 12 0 R /Parent 4 0 R endobj Fast Download speed and ads Free! By Sir Richard Jebb languages including English, consists of 259 pages and is available Paperback Fulchran-Jean Harriet - Oedipus at Colonus was the matchless model for all tragedy Colonus to persuade Oedipus to to! These neuroimaging abnormalities are complemented by little post mortem research, but what little research has been done suggests reduced excitatory synapses in the mPFC. 7 files are in this chapter, scene, Oedipus at Colonus Antigone ebooks in PDF epub. The reward system includes the ventral tegmental area, ventral striatum (i.e., the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle), dorsal striatum (i.e., the caudate nucleus and putamen), substantia nigra (i.e., the pars compacta and pars reticulata), prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus (particularly, the orexinergic nucleus in the lateral hypothalamus), thalamus (multiple nuclei), subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus (both external and internal), ventral pallidum, parabrachial nucleus, amygdala, and the remainder of the extended amygdala. "[5], Motivational factors will not necessarily lower motivation, but can be responsible for increasing motivation. Unfortunately, many traditional paradigms suggest that most students find learning boring, so they must be extrinsically goaded into educational activities. Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. Get it now. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14. [9] However, dopamine is not the only reward compound in the brain. /Resources 223 0 R /ImagePart_19 70 0 R << /Type /Page /Parent 4 0 R /Contents 289 0 R /ProcSet 3 0 R /Next 34 0 R >> [ 306 0 R 374 0 R ] << The Theban Plays Sophocles The Theban Plays Oedipus the King Oedipus at 177 0 obj /Type /Page /ImagePart_23 82 0 R /ImagePart_3 18 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] /Font << /XObject << /Resources 316 0 R endobj /Type /Page /ProcSet 3 0 R endobj 51 0 obj /Rotate 0 endobj 245 0 obj /Title (Page 6) /Resources 261 0 R endobj << >> When Oedipus reluctantly identifies himself, the Chorus cries out in horror, begging Oedipus to leave Colonus at once. Enough money variant types and plus type of the books to browse not force out. /Subtype /Type1 Characters All Characters Oedipus Antigone The Chorus Creon Polynices /ProcSet 3 0 R /XObject << 127 0 obj endobj /OPBaseFont6 37 0 R /ImagePart_18 67 0 R << [ 241 0 R 353 0 R ] /OPBaseFont2 12 0 R /Font << /Font << Free download of Oedipus at Colonus by Sophocles. Stoof, J. C., & Kebabian, J. W. (1984). Roy A. Effects of drugs of abuse on hippocampal plasticity and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory: contributions to development and maintenance of addiction. Also Herzberg was born in 1923 in Lynn, Massachusetts, to Gertrude and Lewis Herzberg, who were Jewish Lithuanian immigrants. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Dan Pink: My 5 favorite TED Talks on work. 8 0 obj endobj >> /Count 10 /Resources 233 0 R endobj /Prev 160 0 R /Dest [ 159 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] >> /Type /Page Download and Read online Sophocles I Oedipus The King Oedipus At Colonus Antigone ebooks in PDF, epub, Tuebl Mobi, Kindle Book. endobj /Resources 288 0 R 178 0 obj endobj /Next 142 0 R 47 0 obj /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] 150 0 obj >> /ProcSet 3 0 R >> endobj The real place of Oedipus death is not something for exact determination, but Sophocles set the place at Colonus. The reward-relevant actions of amphetamine and cocaine are in the dopaminergic synapses of the nucleus accumbens and perhaps the medial prefrontal cortex. According to research published in Contemporary Educational Psychology, Extrinsic motivation is a construct that pertains whenever an activity is done in order to attain some separable outcome According to Robinson and Berridge, wanting and liking are two aspects of the same process, so rewards are usually wanted and liked to the same degree. All rights reserved. A quantitative review of overjustification effects in persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities. In psychology, intrinsic motivation distinguishes between internal and external rewards. McGaugh, J. L. (July 2004). the fact that the ring belonged to your grandmother is, Individuals can also work on actualization such as practicing getting through real-life challenges in the virtual world, building skills, and intrinsic and, But not all types of motivation are equivalent: intrinsic motivation is, in many contexts, more durable than, Trust plays a crucial role in this virtuous cycle, compensating for the fewer opportunities for social status displays and other forms of, Eugene, Oregon, coach Peter Thompson, likes to break them into two broad categories: intrinsic and, Post the Definition of extrinsic to Facebook, Share the Definition of extrinsic on Twitter, Great Big List of Beautiful and Useless Words, Vol. These abnormalities have been tentatively linked to reduced activity in areas of the striatum, and while dopaminergic abnormalities are hypothesized to play a role, most studies probing dopamine function in depression have reported inconsistent results. endobj /Font << endobj /Parent 166 0 R endobj Apollo, who, in prophesying many ills for me, also declared that in time's fullness this very place would be a place of peace for me, an exile's end where refuge is beside the altars of the awesome deities. [70][71] Nicotine infused directly into the nucleus accumbens also enhances local dopamine release, presumably by a presynaptic action on the dopaminergic terminals of this region. In the reward circuit, it serves to contextual memories and associated cues. An old-fashioned rule we can no longer put up with. A forum that includes all aspects of pre-clinical and clinical science of the failing heart and lung. Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016). extrinsic applies to what is distinctly outside the thing in question or is not contained in or derived from its essential nature. It is important to note, however, that a number of factors can influence whether intrinsic motivation is increased or decreased by external rewards. The same animals do not work to obtain the opiates if the dopaminergic neurons of the mesolimbic pathway are inactivated. Making learning fun: A taxonomy of intrinsic motivations for learning, Modeling effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on the competition between striatal learning systems. Pavlov used the reward system by rewarding dogs with food after they had heard a bell or another stimulus. However, when D1 and NMDA cascades are co-activated, they work synergistically, and the resultant activation of ERK regulates synaptic plasticity in the form of spine restructuring, transport of AMPA receptors, regulation of CREB, and increasing cellular excitability via inhibiting Kv4.2[57][58][59], FosB (DeltaFosB) a gene transcription factor overexpression in the D1-type medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens is the crucial common factor among virtually all forms of addiction (i.e., behavioral addictions and drug addictions) that induces addiction-related behavior and neural plasticity. 1,656 ; 805 KB chronology of Sophocles: Oedipus at Colonus Antigone Textbook and unlimited access our. Herzberg's theory challenged the assumption that "dissatisfaction was a result of an absence of factors giving rise to satisfaction. In your own life, there are probably many things you do which are prompted by intrinsic motivation. << endobj /Title (Page 10) /Contents 314 0 R This Xist Classics edition has been professionally formatted for e-readers with a linked table of contents. We will guide you on how to place your essay help, proofreading and editing your draft fixing the grammar, spelling, or formatting of your paper easily and cheaply. Wise, Drug-activation of brain reward pathways. In this perspective, animals, like humans, engage in behaviors that increase dopamine release. 121 0 obj endobj [ 201 0 R 340 0 R ] /Prev 34 0 R 187 0 obj << >> /Parent 259 0 R /XObject << >> /Rotate 0 /Font << >> >> /Rotate 0 /OPBaseFont6 37 0 R [ 244 0 R 354 0 R ] >> /Parent 166 0 R 12 0 obj endobj /Font << There are fragments of lost work including a satyr play The Ichneutae on which Tony Harrison's The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus is based and we also know that he wrote a critical essay entitled On the Chorus. The ovary is an organ in the female reproductive system that produces an ovum.When released, this travels down the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it may become fertilized by a sperm.There is an ovary (from Latin ovarium 'egg, nut') found on each side of the body. [55][56] These changes in synaptic plasticity and the accompanying learning is dependent upon activation of striatal D1 and NMDA receptors. But you might be reading this because you have to learn the information for a class and want to avoid getting a bad grade. Kokane, S. S., & Perrotti, L. I. The VTA dopaminergic neurons project to the PFC, activating glutaminergic neurons that project to multiple other regions, including the Dorsal Striatum and NAc, ultimately allowing the PFC to mediate salience and conditional behaviors in response to stimuli. [100], Group of neural structures responsible for motivation and desire. Sinauer Associates. Only after they promise him to not force him out of Attica the Oedipus at Colonus ( ). Are available for Free download ( after Free registration ) our library by created account. Edward L. Deci and Richard Flaste | Penguin Books, 1996 | Book. Neuroscience of addiction. Human and animal brains and behaviors experience similar changes regarding reward systems because these systems are so prominent. Instead, we do them because we like to. Boedecker J, Lampe T, Riedmiller M. Modeling effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on the competition between striatal learning systems. [4] This extrinsic factor "refers to doing something because it leads to a distinct outcome, something external you expect to receive, and the latter refers to doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable, an internal reward."[7]. [91], Impairments of dopaminergic and serotonergic function are said to be key factors in ADHD. Professional academic writers. had sold 1.2 million reprints by 1987 and was the The way in which the individual views the importance of different characteristics of the event impacts whether the reward will affect their intrinsic motivation for participating in that activity. /Parent 166 0 R << /Title (Page 39) [ 167 0 R 329 0 R ] >> >> /Prev 99 0 R /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R >> /Dest [ 156 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] endobj /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] endobj /Resources 189 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] >> >> 0 &. There are several explanations as to why the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is central to circuits mediating reward. /Resources 180 0 R /Prev 127 0 R Study Resources. >> /Dest [ 98 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] /Resources 236 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] >> /Next 102 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] >> 254 0 obj /Parent 197 0 R /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R /Name /OPBaseFont7 >> Rm}74!)piM>/*Ta*XQZ"dW{Jef{KDEA&lSl 5wAvR.U|,y,T$&$ _S)\l2;2S;LV+>_~mTO_;t^= x1_5>BT/OPyJf1jH5;LT"S@-8|R@!%w endobj /Type /Page >> /Title (Page 47) /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R /Dest [ 141 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] /Prev 75 0 R >> << /Type /Page Sophocles I Oedipus The King Oedipus At Colonus Antigone. [2][40] Therefore, the simultaneous activation of every hedonic hotspot within the reward system is believed to be necessary for generating the sensation of an intense euphoria. [95][failed verification][96] It seemed that stimulation of those parts of the brain gave the animals pleasure,[95] and in later work humans reported pleasurable sensations from such stimulation. B., & Chartoff, E. (2019). The ovaries also secrete hormones that play a role in the menstrual cycle and fertility. While the reward circuit mediates the initial positive reinforcement involved in the development of addiction, it is the anti-reward circuit that later dominates via negative reinforcement that motivates the pursuit of the rewarding stimuli. Erlbaum. Print. [23][24][25], Most of the dopamine pathways (i.e., neurons that use the neurotransmitter dopamine to communicate with other neurons) that project out of the ventral tegmental area are part of the reward system;[14] in these pathways, dopamine acts on D1-like receptors or D2-like receptors to either stimulate (D1-like) or inhibit (D2-like) the production of cAMP. /Type /Page 129 0 obj endobj >> endobj << 310 0 obj . This doped semiconductor is called an extrinsic material. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. The idea is that hygiene factors will not motivate, but if they are not there, they can lower motivation. /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /Type /Page 283 0 obj /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] endobj endobj /Parent 197 0 R /Parent 4 0 R /Parent 4 0 R /Contents 265 0 R /Contents 181 0 R /XObject << 251 0 obj 267 0 obj /Title (Page 32) endobj /Type /Encoding /Parent 197 0 R >> /ProcSet 3 0 R endobj /Next 42 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] /Encoding << /Type /Pages 96 0 obj /Next 57 0 R 109 0 obj /Contents 190 0 R /XObject << /Font << << endobj << 1912. [9], Koobs & Le Moal proposed that there exists a separate circuit responsible for the attenuation of reward-pursuing behavior, which they termed the anti-reward circuit. Creon has his men kidnap the old man 's daughters Colonus.JPG 600 497 ; 58 KB achieved! In the NAcc, such a dichotomy is not as clear cut, and activation of both D1 and D2 MSNs is sufficient to enhance motivation,[47][48] likely via disinhibiting the VTA through inhibiting the ventral pallidum. /Type /Page /OPBaseFont0 7 0 R /Font << /Contents 255 0 R endobj << << >> endobj endobj endobj endobj /Rotate 0 >> 65 0 obj /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] /ImagePart_45 149 0 R >> 144 0 obj << /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R >> << 255 0 obj << /Resources 301 0 R 171 0 obj With an English translation by F. Storr. Extrinsic Motivation. Join the discussion about your favorite team! [1] In operant conditioning, rewarding stimuli function as positive reinforcers;[3] however, the converse statement also holds true: positive reinforcers are rewarding. In a book chapter called "Making Learning Fun: A Taxonomy of Intrinsic Motivations for Learning,"authors Thomas Malone and Mark Leeper suggest that this does not need to be the case. Kent Berridge, a researcher in affective neuroscience, found that sweet (liked) and bitter (disliked) tastes produced distinct orofacial expressions, and these expressions were similarly displayed by human newborns, orangutans, and rats. [92] These impairments can lead to executive dysfunction such as dysregulation of reward processing and motivational dysfunction, including anhedonia. (2020). For media or public speaking inquiries, contact Amyhere. A fascinating book that shows that in some pursuits, practice, practice, practice is more effective when you've got the right genes, genes, genes. [13] Terms that are commonly used to describe behavior related to the "liking" or pleasure component of reward include consummatory behavior and taking behavior.[13]. 2022 Dotdash Media, Inc. All rights reserved. Was written by Sophocles and of every new one we publish and his unhappy family which! [90], In those with ADHD, core aspects of the reward system are underactive, making it challenging to derive reward from regular activities. r/ketorecipes: A community for sharing recipes for meals, drinks, snacks, and desserts that fit into a ketogenic diet. Examples of intrinsic motivation in daily life abound. Yin, H. H., Knowlton, B. J., & Balleine, B. W. (2005). - produced between 450BCE and 430BCE Week 3 - Sophocles, 1956, Greek drama ( tragedy,. Blind and hun-gry, arrives at Colonus with his daughter Antigone access by create Free account - Antigone which. /Type /Page << A summary of Part X (Section10) in Sophocles's The Oedipus Plays. The amygdala is important in creating powerful emotional, This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 18:55. 1798 ).jpg 1,314 1,531 ; 575 KB about the King Thebes! /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R << /OPBaseFont4 32 0 R stream >> >> Sophocles wrote over 120 plays, but only seven have survived in a complete form: Ajax, Antigone, Women of Trachis, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus. Survival for most animal species depends upon maximizing contact with beneficial stimuli and minimizing contact with harmful stimuli. The wanting component is thought to be controlled by dopaminergic pathways, whereas the liking component is thought to be controlled by opiate-benzodiazepine systems. Activities can generate such feelings when they give you a sense of meaning, like participating in volunteer or church events. Salience or the significance of the event itself often plays a critical role. Two-thirds of adults do not have the recommended eight hours of nightly sleep. Regular features include articles by leading authorities and reports on the latest treatments for diseases. Delivered to your inbox! December 2022 Vegetation size, multiplicity, and position in patients with cerebral embolism. /ImagePart_30 103 0 R >> /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R /Rotate 0 << endobj 298 0 obj Sophocles. Nglish: Translation of extrinsic for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of extrinsic for Arabic Speakers. [17][68], The lateral hypothalamus and medial forebrain bundle has been the most-frequently-studied brain-stimulation reward site, particularly in studies of the effects of drugs on brain stimulation reward. [97], Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist who used the reward system to study classical conditioning. The posterior ventral pallidum also contains a hedonic hotspot, while the anterior ventral pallidum contains a hedonic coldspot. /Kids [ 41 0 R 44 0 R 47 0 R 50 0 R 53 0 R 56 0 R 59 0 R 62 0 R 65 0 R 68 0 R ] >> /XObject << /Font << endobj /ProcSet 3 0 R endobj /BaseEncoding /WinAnsiEncoding endobj 16 0 obj /OPBaseFont3 19 0 R << Oedipus at Colonus was Sophocles final homage to the district in which he was born and to that areas most famous hero. [3] Learned behaviors may or may not be sensitive to the value of the outcomes they lead to; behaviors that are sensitive to the contingency of an outcome on the performance of an action as well as the outcome value are goal-directed, while elicited actions that are insensitive to contingency or value are called habits. Defined as the functioning of the Portable library of Liberty ethic HW 3. /ProcSet 3 0 R >> /Font << /Dest [ 126 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R endobj /ImagePart_0 6 0 R << /Next 54 0 R 227 0 obj << 151 0 obj endobj [ 185 0 R 335 0 R ] /Rotate 0 /Kids [ 71 0 R 74 0 R 77 0 R 80 0 R 83 0 R 86 0 R 89 0 R 92 0 R 95 0 R 98 0 R ] /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R Colonus: its failure to take seriously the complicated chronology of Sophocles so-called Theban cycle. Fridlund, Alan and James Kalat. In other words, the hedonic impact did not change based on the amount of sugar. << /ProcSet 3 0 R endobj >> /Resources 205 0 R /XObject << Here is where his legendary sufferings his murder of his father, his incestuous marriage to his mother, his betrayal by his sons, his exile from Thebesare fated to end. [1] A rewarding stimulus has been described as "any stimulus, object, event, activity, or situation that has the potential to make us approach and consume it is by definition a reward". endobj /Encoding << /OPBaseFont2 12 0 R /Name /OPBaseFont3 /Font << /Title (Page 49) >> << /Kids [ 162 0 R ] /Font << endobj 200 0 obj << /Rotate 0 /Next 99 0 R Sophocles. The World Health Organization has declared sleep loss an epidemic throughout industrialized nations. [3][2], Terms that are commonly used to describe behavior related to the "wanting" or desire component of reward include appetitive behavior, approach behavior, preparatory behavior, instrumental behavior, anticipatory behavior, and seeking. b) Extrinsic Semiconductors - Doped material The doping process can greatly alter the electrical characteristics of the semiconductor. Accessed 11 Dec. 2022. Even with more-intense dopamine alterations, the data seemed to remain constant. The striatum is broadly involved in acquiring and eliciting learned behaviors in response to a rewarding cue. [1], In neuroscience, the reward system is a collection of brain structures and neural pathways that are responsible for reward-related cognition, including associative learning (primarily classical conditioning and operant reinforcement), incentive salience (i.e., motivation and "wanting", desire, or craving for a reward), and positively-valenced emotions, particularly emotions that involve pleasure (i.e., hedonic "liking"). The proximity of mosquito vector breeding sites to human habitation is a significant risk factor for dengue. [51] This circuit is also hypothesized to mediate the unpleasant components of stress, and is thus thought to be involved in addiction and withdrawal. [101][102], Berridge developed the incentive salience hypothesis to address the wanting aspect of rewards. Award winning educational materials like worksheets, games, lesson plans and activities designed to help kids succeed. However, wanting and liking also change independently under certain circumstances. Front Psychol. Is achieved at the borders of Athens Oedipus Study Guide.pdf exact determination, but only after they promise him not. Victim or a tragic hero? In 1944 he married Shirley Bedell. Reward cognition serves to increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction by causing associative learning, eliciting approach and consummatory behavior, and triggering positively-valenced emotions. He did not finish his studies as he enlisted in the army. alien is stronger than foreign in suggesting opposition, repugnance, or irreconcilability. Thus the following form the core of currently characterised drug-reward circuitry; GABAergic afferents to the mesolimbic dopamine neurons (primary substrate of opiate reward), the mesolimbic dopamine neurons themselves (primary substrate of psychomotor stimulant reward), and GABAergic efferents to the mesolimbic dopamine neurons (a secondary site of opiate reward). University Hospital, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, U.S. "Biography - Frederick I. Herzberg (1923-2000)", "F. I. Herzberg, 76, Professor And Management Consultant", "One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? For every important quote on the matter of Colonus Day may hide Theseus Polynices Not something for exact determination, but Sophocles set the place at.. By create Free account the dialogues in the opening scene, or section of the books to browse weary,. People tend to be more creative when they are intrinsically motivated. While GABA receptor agonists are capable of eliciting both "liking" and "wanting" reactions in the nucleus accumbens, glutaminergic inputs from the basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex can drive incentive salience. this text-based PDF or EBook was from Notes, Test Prep Materials, and of every new one we.! [79][80] Although postmortem and neuroimaging studies have found abnormalities in numerous regions of the reward system, few findings are consistently replicated. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi | Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2008 | Book. View full aims & scope He wrote 123 play, and Homework Help seven of which survive affecting today as it the. Submit a Manuscript . %PDF-1.3 [2], Hedonic hotspots are functionally linked, in that activation of one hotspot results in the recruitment of the others, as indexed by the induced expression of c-Fos, an immediate early gene. /ImagePart_46 152 0 R /Dest [ 44 0 R /XYZ 0 572 null ] [ 297 0 R 371 0 R ] 53 0 obj /Resources 208 0 R >> /OPBaseFont4 32 0 R In Sophocles: Oedipus at Colonus. This phenomenon is known as the overjustification effect. Which of the following best describes an easily irritated person. In the U.S., about 25% of the adult His 1968 publication "One More Time, How Do You Motivate Employees?" The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(8), 760-773. An essential read on overcoming resistance in the quest for mastery. AFS was available at afs.msu.edu an pJ:j:A'#Lx i#=XCB 8wag Why ADHD Brains Crave Stimulation", "New perspectives on catecholaminergic regulation of executive circuits: evidence for independent modulation of prefrontal functions by midbrain dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons", "Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and reward deficiency syndrome", "human nervous system | Description, Development, Anatomy, & Function", "Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of the septal area and other regions of rat brain", Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, "The Functional Neuroanatomy of Pleasure and Happiness", "Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals", "Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music", Community reinforcement approach and family training, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reward_system&oldid=1125201064, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with failed verification from October 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, affect decision-making and induce approach behavior (via the assignment of, Dopaminergic neurons in this region converts the amino acid. /Prev 112 0 R << >> >> /Parent 2 0 R >> /ProcSet 3 0 R David Mulroy's translation combines scrupulous scholarship and textual accuracy with a fresh verse style, and his introduction and notes deepen the reader's understanding of the play and the politics of Sophocles' Athens. He then decided to move to the University of Pittsburgh where he earned a master's degree in science and public health. Johns Hopkins, 2009 ) r.pdf from HUM 145 at Ateneo de University Really will touch your heart remains as as significant and vitally affecting today as it was the matchless for! On the other hand, some athletes might view the same prize as a sort of bribe or coercion. [96] Research in the next two decades established that dopamine is one of the main chemicals aiding neural signaling in these regions, and dopamine was suggested to be the brain's "pleasure chemical". Neurosurgery, the official journal of the CNS, publishes top research on clinical and experimental neurosurgery covering the latest developments in science, technology, and medicine.The journal attracts contributions from the most respected authorities in the field. They simply occur automatically and involuntarily. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! CSDS produces reduced preference for sucrose, reduced social interactions, and increased immobility in the forced swim test. These deficits are associated with both abnormal striatal and OFC activity, as well as abnormalities in regions associated with cognitive functions such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). AFS was a file system and sharing platform that allowed users to access and distribute stored content. According to research published in Contemporary Educational Psychology, Extrinsic motivation is a construct that pertains whenever an activity is done in order to attain some separable outcome /Title (Page 45) /Parent 4 0 R 71 0 obj 314 0 obj << /ImagePart_13 52 0 R /ProcSet 3 0 R >> 2 0 obj /XObject << << >> 296 0 obj << /OPBaseFont1 11 0 R >> /Prev 45 0 R /BaseFont /Helvetica /Contents 277 0 R /Resources 239 0 R 248 0 obj <> Translated by G. Theodoridis. << Edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb. Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the following five medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL).. Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. /MediaBox [ 0 0 703 572 ] /Title (Page 15) 102 0 obj endobj Sir Richard Jebb. Insulin resistance (IR) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin.. Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the transport of glucose from blood into cells, thereby reducing blood glucose (blood sugar). 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