Process and apparatus for the production of fuel gas and the enhanced release of thermal energy from such gas. The current median overall survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme is less than 15 months after surgery, followed by synergistic combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy with the anticancer drug temozolomide.201 Treatment for this type of cancer has its limitations, due to the poor ability to deliver therapeutic agents across the two unique barriers present in the brain: the BBB and the bloodbrain tumor barrier (BBTB). The possibility of choosing between alternative routes of administration (oral, ocular, or mucosal) has been largely explored for bypassing the BBB, but it is beyond the scope of this article. 6669, 2010. A single injection of liposomal asialo-erythropoietin improves motor function deficit caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. 9. Mechanisms and targets for angiogenic therapy after stroke. and transmitted securely. Zhang D, Feng XY, Henning TD, et al. Placing the electrons of an insulator in the presence of an electric field is like placing a tied dog in the presence of a mailman. 8B, prevents the reintroduction of electrons back into the system. Although it has been reported that liposomal anthracyclines and carboplatin show some activity in these patients, their association has never been investigated. PMC legacy view 12. The site is secure. The charged atoms and electrons are attracted to opposite polarity voltage zones created between the capacitor plates. By definition, charges in an insulator are not free to move. The extracted electrons are consumed and prevented from re-entering the chamber by a circuit such as shown in FIG. 5B, and restricts electron replacement. The combustible ionic gas mixture is composed of hydrogen, oxygen, and ambient air gases. Fig. Laser, or light wave energy of a predetermined frequency is injected into a containment vessel in a gas ionization process. As further molecular alignment occurs, molecular movement is hindered. The gases are continually exposed to a pulsating laser or other electromagnetic wave energy source together with a high intensity oscillating voltage field that occurs within the cell between electrodes or conductive plates of opposite electrical polarity. 8. When a unipolar voltage pulse train such as shown in FIG. Second-line chemotherapy with the association of liposomal daunorubicin, carboplatin and etoposide in children with recurrent malignant brain tumors. Ligand-targeted liposomes delivered in a specific way a high concentration of BSH into the tumor tissue. Albrecht KW, de Witt Hamer PC, Leenstra S, et al. Liposome-encapsulated CDP-choline treatment provided a rapid recovery of the damaged membranes of neuronal cells, allowing an enhancement of brain functionality. Ligand-targeted liposomes for the delivery of DOX significantly prolonged median survival time of tumor-bearing rats. Zhan C, Lu W. The blood-brain/tumor barriers: challenges and chances for malignant gliomas targeted drug delivery. If resonant cavities are sequentially combined in a parallel/series array, the hydrogen injection assembly is positioned after the exits of said resonant cavities are combined. The apparatus of claim 8 in which the combustion locus is in an automobile. Those hydrogen atoms missing electrons become neutralized; and atoms are liberated from the water. Accumulation of PEG liposomes in and around the ischemic region was observed. Shimbo D, Abumiya T, Shichinohe H, Nakayama N, Kazumata K, Houkin K. Post-ischemic intra-arterial infusion of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin can reduce ischemia reperfusion injury. 45, no. The Florida International University Board Of Trustees, assignee Magnetic nanodelivery of therapeutic agents across the blood brain barrier. M. Xiao, Y. Lu, S. J. Wang, Y. F. Zhao, and Y. Fleming AB, Saltzman WM. An electron in an insulator is like a guard dog tied to a tree free to move around, but within limits. 340,240, filed March 4, 1953. Removing the rod lowers the capacitance. In the latter case and in the case in which a target area of the type described in connection with Fig. In the first stage, as the water molecule is further exposed to a potential difference, the electrical force of attraction of the atoms within the molecule to the electrodes of the chamber also increases in intensity. In fact, liposomes have the potential to revolutionize drug development for therapy and/or diagnosis of neurological diseases. Fine structural localization of a blood-brain barrier to exogenous peroxidase. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. By varying the pulse shape and/or amplitude or pulse train sequence of the electromagnetic wave energy source, final output is varied. XRD patterns of polysiloxane/BN nanosheet composites produced by applying a DC electric field; (a) DC application (0min), (b) DC application (10min), (c) DC application (16h). In an example of the circuit of FIG. Wakabayashi T, Natsume A, Hashizume Y, Fujii M, Mizuno M, Yoshida J. Liposomal treatment reduced injury by decreasing the effect of MMP9, due to higher production of neutrophils. Evaluation of lipid-coated microbubbles as a delivery vehicle for Taxol in brain tumor therapy. One side of the conductor has become negatively charged and the other positively charged. They also have the advantage of presenting good biocompatibility and biodegradability, low toxicity, drug-targeted delivery, and controlled drug release.46,47 In order to improve blood circulation and brain-specific delivery, the liposome surface can be further modified by the inclusion of macromolecules, such as polymers, polysaccharides, peptides, antibodies, or aptamers (Figure 2). Electric Field Inside a Capacitor. PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362. Firth GB, Firth M, McKeran RO, et al. A nozzle, 10 in FIG. When a charge is applied to a capacitor, the electrical charge of the capacitor equals the applied voltage charge; in a water capacitor, the dielectric property of water resists the flow of amps in the circuit, and the water molecule itself, because it has polarity fields formed by the relationship of hydrogen and oxygen in the covalent bond, and an intrinsic dielectric property, becomes part of the electrical circuit, analogous to a "microcapacitor" within the capacitor defined by the plates. A cleaning wheel 60 is provided for removing any surplus powder from the belt. Ananda S, Nowak AK, Cher L, et al. Long-term stabilization in patients with malignant glioma after treatment with liposomal doxorubicin. Mei DY, Gao HL, Gong WH, Pang ZQ, Jiang XG, Chen J. Anti-glioma effect of doxorubicin loaded liposomes modified with angiopep-2. The currents are proportional to stress (force per unit area), so increased mechanical bone stress results in increased growth." The voltage polarity on the plates which create the voltage fields remains constant. Anti-GFAP and anti-E2 extracellular loop of Cx43 antibodies. 6C. By this means an electrostatic record of the intelligence developed in the cathode-ray tube is produced on the recording medium. Imaoka T, Date I, Ohmoto T, Nagatsu T. Significant behavioral recovery in Parkinsons disease model by direct intracerebral gene transfer using continuous injection of a plasmid DNA-liposome complex. However, in 1898, Max Lewandowsky was the first to postulate the existence of a specialized barrier at the level of cerebral vessels: the bloodbrain barrier (BBB), after he and his colleagues had carried out some experiments to demonstrate that some drugs were neurotoxic when injected directly into the brain and not into the vascular system.3 It was just in the late 1960s that Reese and Karnovsky visualized the fact that the barrier was localized to the endothelium by electron-microscopy studies.4, The BBB is composed of polarized endothelial cells connected by tight junctions of the cerebral capillary endothelium and a variety of transporters (Figure 1), which are responsible for its extremely low permeability, limiting the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system (CNS).5,6 BBB functionality is dynamically regulated by an ensemble of different cell types, such as astrocytes, pericytes, and neurons (Figure 1A).79 Endothelial cells are surrounded by a basal lamina, which is generally rich in laminin, fibronectin, type IV collagen, and heparin sulfate,5,79 which may represent an interesting targeting for drug transport and provides a negatively charged interface.10,11. Dielectrics are insulators, plain and simple. Before Recording apparatus comprising a cathode ray tube trons toward said target area to excite said element, a. conductive member disposed externally of and spaced from said tube and adjacent said target area, a source of. Liposomes bi-functionalized with phosphatidic acid and an ApoE-derived peptide affect A aggregation features and cross the blood-brain-barrier: implications for therapy of Alzheimer disease. Therefore, there appears to be an obvious need for establishing CNS-penetrant and specific therapeutics to overcome the BBB and to do this in a controlled manner. 16181627, 2002. The plates should be equally and oppositely charged. Cho, Y. Tokoi, T. Nakayama et al., Facile preparation of a polysiloxane-based composite with highly-oriented boron nitride nanosheets and an unmodified surface , Composite Science and Technology. Molecular imaging of gliomas with PET: opportunities and limitations. Control of the production of fuel gas is determined by variation of the period of time between a train of pulses, pulse amplitude and capacitor plate size and configuration, with corresponding value adjustments to other circuit components. The two fields don't quite cancel in a dielectric as they would in a metal, so the overall result is a weaker electric field between the two plates. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. 20110213193 A1. Wu H, Hu K, Jiang X. Joseph T Mc/Vmeq BY ATTORNEY Jan. 15, 1957 J, T, MONANEY 2,777,745, ELECTROSTATIC RECORDING APPARATUS Filed Oct. 4, 1952 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 zou. Electrons are extracted from the resonating ions while such ions are in an increased energy state to destabilize the nuclear electron configuration of said ions; and the gas mixture of destabilized ions is thermally ignited. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin ameliorates impairment of fear memory and hippocampal dysfunction after cerebral ischemia in rats. Efficacy of interleukin-13 receptor-targeted liposomal doxorubicin in the intracranial brain tumor model. 378, no. AMT is trigged by electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged surface of brain endothelial cells and the positively charged moieties of macromolecules. Gash DM, Zhang Z, Gerhardt G. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties of GDNF. Lin Q, Mao KL, Tian FR, et al. 8A) is placed in spaced relationship to the gas resonant cavity structure shown in FIG. capacitor an electrostatically polarizable. In the operation of the assembly, the pulse train source for the gas resonant cavity shown at 2 and 3 in FIG. Lipophilic or hydrophobic drugs are generally entrapped almost completely in the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayers of the liposomes. Sustained therapeutic effects are achieved in experimental PD with the formulation described here. Nagatsu T, Sawada M. L-dopa therapy for Parkinsons disease: past, present, and future. Dual-targeting daunorubicin liposomes improve the therapeutic efficacy of brain glioma in animals. Cryptococcal meningitis: improving access to essential antifungal medicines in resource-poor countries. Komatsu H, Furuya T, Sato N, et al. The coil wrap is always in one direction only. However, its encapsulation in immunoliposomes targeted the BBB and significantly enhanced the delivery of ZL006 within the brain. One such arrangement is disclosed in my co-pending application Serial No. 68, no. The continuously-fed paper 52, which is synchronously moved with the belt 7 8'by suitable drive means, is then passed over a heater 53 which fuses the powder 51 and forms a permanent record as heretofore described. 8 may be omitted if a permanent record of the electrostatically recorded information is not required. 1, and it is preferably curved so as to conform to recording arrangement mounted on a rotatable drum 4.0. Imaging, autoradiography, and biodistribution of 188 re-labeled PEGylated nanoliposome in orthotopic glioma bearing rat model. Bleomycin in the setting of lung fibrosis induction: from biological mechanisms to counteractions. Add a constant of proportionality 0 and we're all set. 5A. Di Stefano A, Carafa M, Sozio P, et al. Aptamers as promising molecular recognition elements for diagnostics and therapeutics in the central nervous system. Dvoriantchikova G, Barakat DJ, Hernandez E, Shestopalov VI, Ivanov D. Liposome-delivered ATP effectively protects the retina against ischemia-reperfusion injury. It was recently reported that Evans blue liposomally encapsulated was able to demarcate visually the margins of invasive gliomas, which may not significantly change the surgical conditions for the resection of this type of tumor.232. The gas ions experience atomic component deflection approaching the point of electron separation. For example, the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polysaccharides forms a protective layer over the surface of liposomes and protects the vehicle from the binding of plasma proteins, preventing the opsonization process and subsequent clearance of liposomes. the polarized surface 42 forming the field or background. D. W. Liu, X. S. Du, and Y. The effect of cascading successively increases the voltage stimulation level of the released gases, which then are directed to the final injector assembly 4. 1373, pp. One suitable powder for the purpose is formed of carnauba wax with .a coloring material. Oda T, Kimura T, Ogata Y, Fujise Y. Hemodilution with liposome-encapsulated low-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin does not attenuate hypothermic cerebral ischemia in rats. Kakehata J, Yamaguchi T, Togashi H, et al. 7 is an electrical schematic of the voltage source for the gas resonant cavity. Liposome-encapsulated Hb treatment significantly reduced edema formation into a large area of the brain. The arrangement shown in Fig. 3; Figs. The elongated gas ions are subjected to a thermal heat zone to cause gas ignition, releasing thermal energy with explosive force. "One rotten apple spoils the whole barrel : the plant hormone ethylene, the small molecule and its complexity. Liposome-encapsulated IB treatment followed by liposomal DOX prolonged median survival of tumor-bearing rats. No. In the apparatus shown in FIG. The CFD model predictions are compared with the experimental findings reported by Limtrakul et al. In the last few decades, the biochemical pathway to ethylene production has been described, and it was discovered how plants produce gas receptors able to perceive it, ethylene-responsive transcription factors were indentified and new molecular mediated effects for ethylene are described, ranging from water stress (regardless is flooding or drought) development and senescence, reproduction and, of course, ripening. Electrospun micro- and nanofibers for sustained delivery of paclitaxel to treat C6 Glioma in vitro. 5C. By way of example, the source 39 of control signals may be a circuit for converting binary code signals to suitable potentials for controlling the electron beam of the tube. This might be due to our deficiency in understanding the neurological mechanisms and pathogenesis of these disorders. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of neurogenetic diseases. The current standard of care for this type of cancer includes surgery, followed by treatment with radiation and/or chemotherapeutic drugs. Masking and triggered unmasking of targeting ligands on nanocarriers to improve drug delivery to brain tumors. Enhanced optical imaging of human gliomas and tumor margins. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work. Dielectrics in capacitors serve three purposes: When a metal is placed in an electric field the free electrons flow against the field until they run out of conducting material. The pulse rate as well as intensity of the electromagnetic wage source is varied to match the absorption rate of ionized particles to produce the stepped incremental increase in energy. Overgaard K. The effects of citicoline on acute ischemic stroke: a review. In this way, intracranial injection of liposomes encapsulating curcumin efficiently labeled A deposits in both human and mice tissues, proving to be an effective formulation for diagnosis and treatment of AD.113 Also, intraperitoneal injection of liposomes containing phosphatidic acid or cardiolipin was able to reduce A peptides in the plasma and shifted the equilibrium that exists between brain and blood A peptides, slightly affecting the plaques in the brain.89 Lastly, different liposome-based vaccines were developed and directed toward A plaques115,116 and tau.114. Schwartzbaum JA, Fisher JL, Aldape KD, Wrensch M. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of glioma. Nos. Just like for chemotherapy, the efficacy of PDT for the treatment of brain tumors was greatly improved when Photofrin was encapsulated into liposomes, since the photosensitizing agent was efficiently delivered within brain tumors.264,266 Finally, it is worth mentioning here that although the preferred route for delivery of liposomes seems to be intravenous injection, alternative routes of administration, such as convection-enhanced delivery and intracranial, intracarotid, and intraperitoneal injections, have been also considered. [See, e.g., Rafelski, J. and Jones, S. E., "Cold Nuclear Fusion," Scientific American, July, 1987, page 84]. This is the physiological process of forming new blood vessels from the existing vasculature in healthy brain tissue into areas of ischemic penumbra.199 The outermost cells in the zone of ischemic penumbra slightly restore their metabolism activities, since they have more blood supply when compared to cells more centrally located in the ischemic area. It is generally referred to as the plasma membrane. WebEnter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. It can push them into uncomfortable positions and when released allow them to fall back into a relaxed state. The consuming electrical circuit can be directly connected to the gas resonant cavity positive electrical voltage zone. Liposome-encapsulated DNR presented good cytotoxicity toward human glioma tumors. Theranostic liposomes in combination with CED allowed in vivo monitoring of therapeutic distribution of liposomes into brain tumor-bearing monkeys. Bhaskar S, Tian F, Stoeger T, et al. 1 and 2. Studies on liposome application in stroke or cerebral ischemia. electric-electronic. WebThe resultant of these two velocities is 25 m s1. Jiang F, Lilge L, Grenier J, Li Y, Wilson MD, Chopp M. Photodynamic therapy of U87 human glioma in nude rat using liposome-delivered photofrin. Omae T, Yoshioka H, Tanaka T, et al. Vascular and intratumoral injection by CED. X. S. Du, M. Xiao, Y. By their unique physicochemical properties, liposomes have shown great ability to compartmentalize and solubilize hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs (Figure 4). Thus, the capacitor is never subjected to a pulse of reverse polarity. Liposomes for plasmid delivery inhibited rat glioma growth. Even a slight potential difference applied to inert, conductive plates of a containment chamber which forms a capacitor will initiate polar atomic orientation within the water molecule based on polarity differences. Fig. In one example, one or more drug molecules could be reversibly bound to the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles, and when encapsulated within the core of liposomes, bypassed an established in vitro model of the BBB by action of an external magnetic field.67 Furthermore, it has been shown that magnetic liposomes can also be taken up into human monocytes, followed by the entry of nonmagnetic monocytes into the brain.67 Although this approach has not been largely explored for brain delivery, this may become a good strategy for effective drug delivery by stimuli-responsive liposomes. Anderson JC, McFarland BC, Gladson CL. Kim H, Britton GL, Peng T, et al. Koo YE, Reddy GR, Bhojani M, et al. Ju RJ, Zeng F, Liu L, et al. SOURCE OF CONTROL 5I6NALS PA PEV SOURCE OF HIGH Vol.7; , ksouece OF L sob/2c; OF CONTROL SIGN/1L5 sewer: or 4 l/6H VOLT. Real-time visualization and characterization of liposomal delivery into the monkey brain by magnetic resonance imaging. An initial search yielded a total of 365 articles after excluding duplicate articles found in the PubMed and Web of Science databases. What's more important is that polar molecules are already strongly stretched naturally. For recording from this arrangement, a preferably thin and flexible non-conductive and polarizable material is interposed between the tube and the capacitative plate element as a recording medium. Treatment of invasive brain tumors using a chain-like nanoparticle. Prolonged survival of tumor-bearing rats was observed after brachytherapy with liposomally encapsulated. An external field applied to a dielectric can't make charges move macroscopically, but it can stretch and distort them microscopically. 5B, and (B) the electronic control circuit for the extractor grid. Bifunctionalized liposomes were also able to affect brain A-oligomer aggregation/disaggregation in vivo. When water molecules are exposed to voltage at a restricted current, water takes on an electrical charge. Abbreviations: DMPC, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine; DMPG, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol; DOPC, dioleoylphosphatidylcholine; DPPG, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol; DSPC, distearoylphosphatidylcholine; DSPE, distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine; DSPG, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol; EPC, egg phosphatidylcholine; HSPC, hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine; NA, not applicable; PEG, polyethylene glycol. The electrically charged and laser primed combustible gas ions from a gas resonant cavity may be directed into an optical thermal lens assembly for triggering. There are more than 100 different types of brain and CNS tumors. Several strategies have been used to deliver drug and/or imaging agents to the brain. In fact, liposomes are at present the nanoparticle type with the most studies that have been published for delivery to the brain, representing in this way the most advanced material and thus with the highest potential for clinical applications. Capacitance is the ratio of charge to voltage. Cationic liposomes for siRNA transfection inhibited luciferase gene expression in brain gliomas up to 5 days after a single intravenous injection of nanoparticles. 11801188, 2006. 3 and 4, the recording medium 26 may be a current-sensitive paper which changes in color when an electrical current ispassed through it. Dual-targeted liposomes exhibited selective targeting and anticancer therapeutic effects. Liposome-encapsulated Hb treatment persistently reduced damage beyond the acute phase of ischemia. Cross-sectional SEM views of polysiloxane/BN composite film; (a) without and (b) with the application of DC electric field. T. Takahashi, T. Murayama, A. Higuchi, H. Awano, and K. Yonetake, Aligning vapor-grown carbon fibers in polydimethylsiloxane using dc electric or magnetic field, Carbon, vol. Ligand-targeted liposomes for the delivery of the ZL006 significantly ameliorated neurological deficit and reduced infarct volume induced by ischemia reperfusion. Atom destabilization occurs and the electrical and mass equilibrium of the atoms is disrupted. Liposomes were able to deliver a higher amount of SOD into the brain. As the polarized outer surface 42 is moved into position opposite the target area 33, electrostatic images are produced on its outer surface in correspondence with the intensity, shape, and location of the electron beam of the tube 32, the polarity of the image portions being opposite in sign to that of. Tumor uptake was higher for Lipoxal than for the free drug oxaliplatin. WebThe cycle a very slow process the plates of the Earths crust are can be completed by bubbling Heat energy of oxygen, the intensity (brightness) of the and their symbol is taken from their Latin name. 7 via alternate gate circuit. Collagen is piezoelectric. Domenico De Martinis, Caren Chang, Tomotsugu Koyama. ISA liposomes increased distribution of the drug into the brain and consequently enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In a more specific explanation of the "sub-atomic" action that occurs in the water cell that provides a fuel gas for the subsequent stages, it is known that natural water is a liquid which has a dielectric constant of 78.54 at 20 C. and 1 atm pressure. Haglund MM, Berger MS, Hochman DW. Nicolau C, Greferath R, Balaban TS, Lazarte JE, Hopkins RJ. Thus in the first stage, which is of itself independently useful, a fuel gas mixture is produced having, in general, the components of elemental hydrogen and oxygen as well as formerly dissolved entrapped atmospheric gases such as nitrogen, argon, and the like. Intravenous injection of liposomes was the preferred route in the majority of the works cited here. Cationic lipids can be incorporated into the bilayer, facilitating their association with nucleic acids for gene therapy (VIII and XI). Jiang F, Lilge L, Logie B, Li Y, Chopp M. Photodynamic therapy of 9L gliosarcoma with liposome-delivered photofrin. Before entry into the optimal thermal lens, however, electrons are stripped from the ions and the atom is destabilized. The magnetic deflection coil '76 and the radar receiver 78 may be conventional types for providing PPI type displays on the target area of the tube 74. Tian W, Ying X, Du J, et al. 46, no. Before voltage stimulation, water molecules are randomly dispersed throughout water within a container. Thus, the selection plates 36 serve to select the respectivecharacters which are to be printed, and the deflection plates 38 serve to cont'rolthe position or orientation of the characters on the screen or target area 33 of the tube 32. Each control mechanism can be used separately, grouped in sections, or systematically arranged in a sequential manner. Tf-VEGF liposomes demonstrated neuroprotective properties and consequently vascular regeneration in the chronic stage of cerebral infarction. 160, no. The electron extraction process is maintained during gas flow-rate change by varying the trigger pulse rate in relationship to applied voltage. Transient cerebral hypoperfusion assisted intraarterial cationic liposome delivery to brain tissue. Altered plasma and brain disposition of isopropylidene shikimic acid liposome in rats and the brain protection in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Hurelbrink CB, Barker RA. Yaqub F. Mechanism of action of anthracycline drugs. Di Legge A, Trivellizzi IN, Moruzzi MC, Pesce A, Scambia G, Lorusso D. Phase 2 trial of nonPEGylated doxorubicin (Myocet) as second-line treatment in advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. Liposomes increased anxiolytic activity and cognitive enhancement in the animals. 11131117, 2008. The formulation was highly neurotoxic after CED administration, and resulted in the death of animals after 24 hours. In addition, citicoline restored Na+/K+ ATPase, inhibited activation of phospholipase A2, and accelerated cerebral edema reabsorption.198 Therefore, citicoline was considered a good candidate for molecular therapy for stroke, since its acts at several points on the ischemic pathway. Ch C, Yang G, Thiot C, et al. Application of radioimmunoassay to monitor treatment of human cerebral gliomas with bleomycin entrapped within liposomes. The charge is of opposite polarity to that of the powder onthe image areas of the member 42 and of sufficient intensity so that the powder is attracted and the images are transferred from the member 42 to the paper. During MJ, Freese A, Deutch AY, et al. Combination therapy of intraperitoneal rapamycin and convection-enhanced delivery of nanoliposomal CPT-11 in rodent orthotopic brain tumor xenografts. It is thought that the forces on bones produce potentials by the piezoelectric effect and that the junctions of collagen-apatite, currents are produced that induce and control bone growth. A dry printing process may be employed to provide a permanent record of the information. When employed as a printer for alphabetical or numerical information, the cathode-ray tube of the present invention is provided with means for shaping the crosssection of the electron beam in the form of characters. A potential of approximately several thousand volts triggers the ionization state. In prokaryotes (cells such as bacteria in which there is no nucleus), the membranes are relatively simple, but in eukaryotes (cells containing nuclei), cell membranes contain various glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol. High intratumoural accumulation of stealth liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx) in glioblastomas and in metastatic brain tumours. The switch 84 is then opened and the portion of the belt on which the electrostatic images are recorded is passed over the receptacle 49 where properly charged electroscopie powder 51 is deposited on the image areas. Novel nanoliposomal CPT-11 infused by convection-enhanced delivery in intracranial tumors: pharmacology and efficacy. The positive and negative attraction forces are co-ordinate and operate on said gas ions simultaneously; the attraction forces are non-reversible. Recording apparatus comprising a cathode ray tube having an inner target area, a plurality of mutually insulated conductive elements disposed on said inner target area, one of said elements forming one plate of a capacitor means including a source of electrons for projecting a beam of electrons toward said target area to excite said elements, a conductive member disposed externally of and spaced from said tube and adjacent said target area, a source of direct current potential having one terminal coupled to said source of electrons in the tube the other terminal connected to the conductivemember. Ligand-targeted liposomes for the delivery of DOX prolonged the median survival time of tumor-bearing rats. Two Savart plates rotated by 45 o relative to each other are swapped to measure the relative Stokes q and u parameters from the two split images of each source in the field. 4, thus providing a mosaic of elements serving to conduct electrical energy from within the evacuated tube to the outer surface of its screen. Gabathuler R. Approaches to transport therapeutic drugs across the blood-brain barrier to treat brain diseases. Johnsen KB, Moos T. Revisiting nanoparticle technology for blood-brain barrier transport: unfolding at the endothelial gate improves the fate of transferrin receptor-targeted liposomes. New Angiopep-modified doxorubicin (ANG1007) and etoposide (ANG1009) chemotherapeutics with increased brain penetration. When the potential difference applied causes the orientated water molecules to align themselves between the conductive plates, pulsing causes the voltage field intensity to be increased in accordance with FIG. Kelkar SS, Reineke TM. These motor symptoms result primarily from the death of dopamine-generating neurons in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra, leading to the decreasing of dopamine levels.118 Also, misfolding and intracellular aggregation of -synuclein fibrils, also known as Lewy bodies, are pivotal to PD neuropathogenesis.117,118 Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may also be implicated in PD neurodegeneration.118 However, the mechanisms underlying PD pathogenesis have not been fully elucidated. Comparing routes of delivery for nanoliposomal irinotecan shows superior anti-tumor activity of local administration in treating intracranial glioblastoma xenografts. As the electrostatically recorded images pass the receptacle 49, the electroscopic powder 51 adheres to the charged image areas, and as thepowder images pass the electrode 54 they are transferred to the recording paper 52 which provides a permanent record of the information. Convection-enhanced delivery seemed to be a good technique for delivery of liposomes to intracranial tumor-bearing rats. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition was higher when RIVA liposomes were intraperitoneally injected in mice. The role of the pumps, carriers, and ion channels in transport across the cell membrane is discussed below. This potential difference is proportional to the stress, which is proportional to the acoustic pressure. Takanashi Y, Ishida T, Kirchmeier MJ, Shuaib A, Allen TM. Treatment with this liposomal formulation significantly improved behavioral outcome in animals after stroke. (S) 93. Combined treatment with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and dexamethasone phosphate-containing liposomes improves neurological outcome and restricts lesion progression after embolic stroke in rats. The BN nanosheets which make up the LABNs showed high anisotropy, and their linear attachment was regarded to be critical for the higher thermal conductivity of the polysiloxane/BN composite film. Vieira DB, Gamarra LF. 7. To further stimulate the electron entrapment process beyond the atomic level (capturing the liberated electrons during the hydrogen fracturing process) the electron extractor grid (as shown in FIG. Dvoriantchikova G, Agudelo C, Hernandez E, Shestopalov VI, Ivanov D. Phosphatidylserine-containing liposomes promote maximal survival of retinal neurons after ischemic injury. Liposome-encapsulated irinotecan prolonged median survival time in tumor-bearing mice. Antisense in vivo knockdown of synaptotagmin I by HVJ-liposome mediated gene transfer attenuates ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. By this means, when the cathode is energized to direct a beam of electrons on the mosaic inner surface of the cathode-ray tube, a difference in potential is established between the target area and the capacitative plate element over the area of the mosaic upon which the electron beam impinges, the size and shape of the area corresponding to those characteristics of the electron beam, and the difference in potential being dependent upon the magnitude of the impressed potential. It was also demonstrated that just angiopep-2 peptide was able to target BBB and glioma cells at the same time,219 and RGD peptide targeted both BBTB and tumor cells.204,207,209. Ischemia/reperfusion-induced changes in membrane fluidity characteristics of brain capillary endothelial cells and its prevention by liposomal-incorporated superoxide dismutase. As shown in Fig. in the tube the'other. Cross-section view of polysiloxane/BN nanosheet composite film by digital microscope; (a) DC application (0min), (b) DC application (10min), (c) DC application (16h). Ligand-targeted liposomes for delivering of DOX showed an enhanced targeted therapeutic effect on glioblastomas. MiRNA-21 silencing mediated by tumor-targeted nanoparticles combined with sunitinib: a new multimodal gene therapy approach for glioblastoma. The repetitive application of a voltage pulse train (A through J of FIG. Glioma targeting and blood-brain barrier penetration by dual-targeting doxorubincin [sic] liposomes. Consider an electron of mass m, with a charge q being accelerated through a potential V from rest. The neuropathogenesis of AD is a critical unsolved question. Hau P, Fabel K, Baumgart U, et al. Schematic illustration of heat diffusion route in polysiloxane/BN nanosheets composite film; (a) random distribution, (b) ordered distribution with LABNs. The incoming positive wave form applied to resonant cavity voltage zone through a blocking diode is synchronized with the pulse train applied to the gas resonant cavity by the circuit of FIG. Strategies developed for trigged drug release of liposome contents in response to specific external stimuli, such as variations in magnetic field, temperature, ultrasound intensity, light or electric pulses, and others. Liposomal daunorubicin (DaunoXome) in children with recurrent or progressive brain tumors. 815821, 2005. Dudukovic, Solids motion and holdup profiles in liquid fluidised Its effects are known since the ancient Egypt in agriculture, yet the complexity of its mode of action and the broad spectrum of effects (and potential uses) in plant physiology is still challenging scientists. Piezoelectricity is an effect by which energy is converted between mechanical and electric forms. A receptacle 49 and agitators 50 serve to cause particles of suitably charged electroscopic powder 51 to impinge upon the member 42 as the drum rotates. Owner name: It is believed that the invention will be fully understood from the foregoing description, and that it will be obvious to those skilled in the art, that many variations and modifications may be made from the preferred embodiments herein shown without departing from the principles and scope of the invention. The search for reports on the use of liposomes as drug-delivery nanocarriers for the treatment and/or diagnosis of gliomas is shown in Figure 3. These new nanomaterials may provide new opportunities for biomedical imaging, due to their unique magnetic, optical, and/or chemical properties, leading to the creation of better contrast-enhancement agents and increasing the sensitivity of techniques clinically available for diagnosis of brain tumors.284, Modern imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, ultrasound, and single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT), are rapidly emerging as noninvasive modalities for detection and follow-up posttreatment of gliomas.285,286 MRI is the preferred approach for glioma imaging, since it provides high-spatial-resolution anatomic images of this tumor type.287 Optical imaging applied to glioma therapy has the potential to localize and identify intrinsic brain tumors for removal during surgery.288 Ultrasound, unlike MRI, defines tumor volume and provides intraoperative localization of tumor tissue, although its use is limited by the presence of the skull.285 SPECT yields growth rate and gives information about the heterogeneity of gliomas, but provides low-spatial-resolution images.289 Positron-emission tomography (PET) provides functional information, since this technique is highly sensitive for measurements of biological processes, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and glucose consumption.290, Paramagnetic contrast agents are the most widely used agents to enhance the visibility of gliomas in MRI images. SOURCE OF CONTROL SIGNALS 38 34L) v L36 u saweceor I rrl' Lil/611 you. The characteristics of aqueous-insolubility ease of aggregate formation and the fact that these dyes do not readily cross the BBB suggest that it would be desirable to develop a liposome-based system. Proteins also function as enzymes, catalyzing reactions at the surfaces of the membrane. The electrons formerly shared by atoms in the water co-valent bond are re-allocated such that neutral elemental gases are liberated. Given the promising prospect of -CsPbI3 PNC as lighting and photovoltaic A longitudinal cross section of a gas resonant cavity is shown in FIG. One of the most challenging problems in therapy of gliomas is their detection in the earliest stages of development. The fuel gases are obtained from the water by the disassociation of the water molecule. Neurotrophic and neuroprotective efficacy of intranasal GDNF in a rat model of Parkinsons disease. I bet there are even some bizarre materials for which this coefficient is negative (although I don't know for sure). Cheap piezoelectric microphones. Ishii T, Asai T, Oyama D, et al. Zong T, Mei L, Gao H, et al. The new PMC design is here! 5A or FIG. Although the anticancer activity of free drugs has been reported to be effective against gliomas cells in vitro, they present very poor efficacy in vivo, because these antibiotics do not readily cross the BBB.298 In a rat brain-glioma model, prolonged survival of the animals was observed when PEGylated liposomes were used to deliver DOX.267 In contrast, in a cohort of patients with brain cancer, liposomal DOX, DNR, or bleomycin was found moderately effective against glioma.275,278,279,281283. By properly proportioning the electrostatic charges on the member 26 and the charge on the electroscopic powder, an indication of the relative intensity of the images which are projected on the screen of the tube may be obtained. Based on Figures 3 and 4, the filaments of LABNs are considered to be composed of groups of linearly aligned nanosheets. to keep the conducting plates from coming in contact, allowing for smaller plate separations and therefore higher capacitances; to increase the effective capacitance by reducing the electric field strength, which means you get the same charge at a lower voltage; and. The tails are relatively insoluble (nonpolar, hydrophobic). For liposome-encapsulated Hb, was shown that the delivery oxygen happens even into the ischemic brain from the periphery toward the core of ischemia. Patel T, Zhou J, Piepmeier JM, Saltzman WM. The media 64 is then passed over the heater 58 which causes the powder images to fuse into or adhere to the paper and form a permanent record of the intelligence. A method of obtaining thermal energy from water, consisting of: (A) providing a capacitor, within which water is included as a dielectric, in a resonant charging choke circuit that includes an inductance in series with the capacitor; (B) subjecting the capacitor to a pulsating, unipolar electric field in which the polarity does not pass beyond an arbitrary ground, whereby the water molecules within the capacitor are subjected to a charge of the same polarity; (C) further subjecting the water in said capacitor to said pulsating electric field to achieve a pulse frequency such that the pulsating electric field induces a resonance within the water molecule; (D) continuing the application of the pulsing frequency to the capacitor after resonance occurs so that the energy level within the molecule is increased in cascading incremental steps in proportion to the number of pulses; (E) maintaining the charge of said capacitor during the application of the pulsing field, whereby the co-valent electrical bonding of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms within said molecules is destabilized, such that the force of the electrical field applied within the molecule exceeds the bonding force of the molecule, and hydrogen and oxygen atoms are liberated from the molecule as elemental gases; (F) collecting said hydrogen and oxygen gases, and any other gases that were formerly dissolved within the water. Successful application of liposome-mediated antisense ODNs delivery in vivo demonstrated knockdown of synaptotagmin I, attenuating ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Some are cell adhesion molecules that anchor cells to their neighbors or to basal laminas. In another embodiment of the invention, the intelligence is recorded directly on a recording medium which changes in color when electric current passes through it. Omori N, Maruyama K, Jin G, et al. The negatively charged electron is attracted toward the positively charged hydrogen atoms, while at the same time, the negatively charged oxygen atoms repel electrons. The hydrogen and oxygen atomic gases, and other gas components formerly entrapped as dissolved gases in water, are released when the resonant energy exceeds the co-valent bonding force of the water molecule. The BBB is the most important obstacle to effective brain drug delivery. Abbreviations: Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Targeting of post-ischemic cerebral endothelium in rat by liposomes bearing polyethylene glycol-coupled transferrin. Beginning with water molecules, the molecule is subjected to successively increasing electrical, wave energy and thermal forces. Scanning electron micrographs of BN nanosheets; (a) low magnification (x9000) and (b) high magnification (x12,000). In an apparatus for obtaining the release of a gas mixture including hydrogen and other dissolved gases entrapped in water, from water, the improvement consisting of a resonant electronic circuit in operative relationship with the water in which the dielectric property of water determines the resonance of the circuit. A single laser coupled by means of fiber optic light guides is an alternative to the plurality of lasers shown in FIG. Decreased circulation time offsets increased efficacy of PEGylated nanocarriers targeting folate receptors of glioma. 5. 5, the tube 32 functions identically to the tube 12 of the arrangement shown in Fig. Effects of liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin on learning ability in Tokai high-avoider rat after total brain ischemia and reperfusion. Linear assemblies of BN nanosheets (LABNs) were successfully fabricated within polysiloxane/BN nanosheet composite film under a high DC electric field (2.5kV). As a result, the co-valent bonding between atoms which form the molecule is weakened--and ultimately terminated. Learn more The above-mentioned regimen was feasible, and children showed little and transient hematological toxicity. WebThe field of a magnet is the sum of fields from all magnetized volume elements, which consist of small magnetic dipoles on an atomic level. Doi A, Kawabata S, Iida K, et al. A phase I clinical trial of interferon-beta gene therapy for high-grade glioma: novel findings from gene expression profiling and autopsy. F. D. C. Fim, J. M. Guterres, N. R. S. Basso, and G. B. Galland, Polyethylene/graphite nanocomposites obtained by in situ polymerization, Journal of Polymer Science, Part A, vol. Reviews, patents, editorial materials, book chapters, conference publications, and articles not published in English were excluded from the literature search. disposed externally of and spaced from said tube and adjacent said target area, a source of direct current potential having one terminal coupled to said source of electrons in the tube the other terminal connected to the conductive member, an electrostatically polarizable member curved to complement the predetermined curvature and positioned intermediate the conductive member. WebThis equation gives the electric field produced between the two plates of the capacitor. The laser or electromagnetic wave energy is absorbed and causes gas atoms to lose electrons and form positively charged gas ions. Efficacy and safety of a liposome-based vaccine against protein tau, assessed in tau.P301L mice that model tauopathy. Saito R. Convection-enhanced delivery of Ls-TPT enables an effective, continuous, low-dose chemotherapy against malignant glioma xenograft model. 2 (in which other circuit element specifications are provided above), two concentric cylinders 4 inches long formed the water capacitor of the fuel cell in the volume of water. (F) a terminal orifice at which the said ions exit from the apparatus. Zhao G, Zang SY, Jiang ZH, et al. Ligand-targeted imaging liposomes demonstrated enhancement of the tumor periphery, demarcating glioma tumor margins accurately. FIG. Repeated intraperitoneal injections of liposomes containing phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin reduce amyloid- levels in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Convection-enhanced delivery of liposomes enabled effective and continuous delivery of the chemotherapeutic drug in tumor-bearing rats. 1, pp. Long-Distance Signaling: What Grafting has Revealed? 5A and FIG. Recording apparatus in accordance with claim 7 wherein said polarizable member is a continuous belt polarizable member. Ren J, Shen S, Wang D, et al. Theranostic liposomes allowed in vivo monitoring of therapeutic distribution of liposomes into brain tumor-bearing rats. In this way, liposomes have emerged as promising carriers for CNS delivery. WebEnter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. 7. F626-1205. Although Gd-based compounds are able to cross the BBB, a key advantage of using liposomes as Gd carriers is preferential localization at the tumor site through the EPR effect. An electrode 54, which is connected to a source 56 of high voltage, serves to apply an electrostatic charge to the paper 52. 6A) incrementally achieves the critical state of said gas ions. Zucchetti M, Boiardi A, Silvani A, Parisi I, Piccolrovazzi S, DIncalci M. Distribution of daunorubicin and daunorubicinol in human glioma tumors after administration of liposomal daunorubicin. When administered intravenously, these liposomes were able to cross the BBB in vivo and specifically bind to A-plaque deposits, labeling vascular and parenchymal amyloid deposits in brain tissue.87 For example, glutathione PEGylated liposomes demonstrated efficient encapsulation of an antiamyloid single-domain antibody fragment (VHH-pa2H), increasing its transport from blood into the brain.83 It has also been demonstrated that bifunctionalized liposomes decorated with phosphatidic acid and a modified ApoE-derived peptide are able to cross the BBB in vivo and destabilize A aggregates, suggesting that this approach is a good option for AD treatment.84,85, Although the scope of this review is on liposome-strategies with the aim of facilitating BBB crossing, it is important to mention that other strategies have been developed for the use of liposomes for AD treatment.89,113116 Curcumin is a natural compound extract from the plant Curcuma longa, and has been reported to be a fluorescent molecule with high affinity for the A peptide and able to reduce A aggregation.
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